ÿØÿà JFIF ÿþ >CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), default quality
ÿÛ C
Server IP : 172.67.171.101 / Your IP : 216.73.216.123 Web Server : Apache System : Linux server1.morocco-tours.com 3.10.0-1127.19.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Aug 25 17:23:54 UTC 2020 x86_64 User : zagoradraa ( 1005) PHP Version : 7.4.33 Disable Function : NONE MySQL : OFF | cURL : ON | WGET : ON | Perl : ON | Python : ON | Sudo : ON | Pkexec : ON Directory : /usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.7.5/html/faq/ |
Upload File : |
| Current File : /usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.7.5/html/faq/extending.html |
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Extending/Embedding FAQ — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
URL_ROOT: '../',
VERSION: '2.7.5',
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
HAS_SOURCE: true
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" />
<link rel="up" title="Python Frequently Asked Questions" href="index.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Python on Windows FAQ" href="windows.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Library and Extension FAQ" href="library.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="windows.html" title="Python on Windows FAQ"
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="library.html" title="Library and Extension FAQ"
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python Frequently Asked Questions</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body">
<div class="section" id="extending-embedding-faq">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><a class="headerlink" href="#extending-embedding-faq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-embedding-faq" id="id2">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c" id="id3">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1" id="id4">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives" id="id5">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c" id="id6">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c" id="id7">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object" id="id8">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length" id="id9">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c" id="id10">How do I call an object’s method from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr" id="id11">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c" id="id12">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python" id="id13">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why" id="id14">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension" id="id15">How do I debug an extension?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why" id="id16">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-systemerror-pyimport-fixupextension-module-yourmodule-not-loaded-mean" id="id17">What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input" id="id18">How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual" id="id19">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance" id="id20">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-importing-module-x-why-do-i-get-undefined-symbol-pyunicodeucs2" id="id21">When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Can I create my own functions in C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions, variables, exceptions
and even new types in C. This is explained in the document
<a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><em>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</em></a>.</p>
<p>Most intermediate or advanced Python books will also cover this topic.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Yes, using the C compatibility features found in C++. Place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extern</span> <span class="pre">"C"</span> <span class="pre">{</span>
<span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">}</span></tt> around the Python include files and put <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extern</span> <span class="pre">"C"</span></tt> before each
function that is going to be called by the Python interpreter. Global or static
C++ objects with constructors are probably not a good idea.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">
<span id="c-wrapper-software"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, depending
on what you’re trying to do.</p>
<p>If you need more speed, <a class="reference external" href="http://psyco.sourceforge.net/">Psyco</a> generates x86
assembly code from Python bytecode. You can use Psyco to compile the most
time-critical functions in your code, and gain a significant improvement with
very little effort, as long as you’re running on a machine with an
x86-compatible processor.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/~greg/python/Pyrex/">Pyrex</a> is a compiler
that accepts a slightly modified form of Python and generates the corresponding
C code. Pyrex makes it possible to write an extension without having to learn
Python’s C API.</p>
<p>If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension
currently exists, you can try wrapping the library’s data types and functions
with a tool such as <a class="reference external" href="http://www.swig.org">SWIG</a>. <a class="reference external" href="http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/sip/">SIP</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://cxx.sourceforge.net/">CXX</a> <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html">Boost</a>, or <a class="reference external" href="http://www.scipy.org/Weave">Weave</a> are also alternatives for wrapping
C++ libraries.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The highest-level function to do this is <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_SimpleString" title="PyRun_SimpleString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></tt></a> which takes
a single string argument to be executed in the context of the module
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> and returns 0 for success and -1 when an exception occurred
(including <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></tt>). If you want more control, use
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_String" title="PyRun_String"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_String()</span></tt></a>; see the source for <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_SimpleString" title="PyRun_SimpleString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></tt></a> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Python/pythonrun.c</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Call the function <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_String" title="PyRun_String"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_String()</span></tt></a> from the previous question with the
start symbol <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#Py_eval_input" title="Py_eval_input"><tt class="xref c c-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></tt></a>; it parses an expression, evaluates it and
returns its value.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>That depends on the object’s type. If it’s a tuple, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#PyTuple_Size" title="PyTuple_Size"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyTuple_Size()</span></tt></a>
returns its length and <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#PyTuple_GetItem" title="PyTuple_GetItem"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyTuple_GetItem()</span></tt></a> returns the item at a specified
index. Lists have similar functions, <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyListSize()</span></tt> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/list.html#PyList_GetItem" title="PyList_GetItem"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyList_GetItem()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>For strings, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/string.html#PyString_Size" title="PyString_Size"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyString_Size()</span></tt></a> returns its length and
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/string.html#PyString_AsString" title="PyString_AsString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyString_AsString()</span></tt></a> a pointer to its value. Note that Python strings may
contain null bytes so C’s <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">strlen()</span></tt> should not be used.</p>
<p>To test the type of an object, first make sure it isn’t <em>NULL</em>, and then use
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/string.html#PyString_Check" title="PyString_Check"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyString_Check()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/tuple.html#PyTuple_Check" title="PyTuple_Check"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyTuple_Check()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/list.html#PyList_Check" title="PyList_Check"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyList_Check()</span></tt></a>, etc.</p>
<p>There is also a high-level API to Python objects which is provided by the
so-called ‘abstract’ interface – read <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Include/abstract.h</span></tt> for further
details. It allows interfacing with any kind of Python sequence using calls
like <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sequence.html#PySequence_Length" title="PySequence_Length"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PySequence_Length()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sequence.html#PySequence_GetItem" title="PySequence_GetItem"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PySequence_GetItem()</span></tt></a>, etc.) as well as
many other useful protocols.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can’t. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">PyTuple_New(n)</span></tt> instead, and fill it with objects using
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyTuple_SetItem(t,</span> <span class="pre">i,</span> <span class="pre">o)</span></tt> – note that this “eats” a reference count of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">o</span></tt>, so you have to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/refcounting.html#Py_INCREF" title="Py_INCREF"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_INCREF()</span></tt></a> it. Lists have similar functions
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyList_New(n)</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyList_SetItem(l,</span> <span class="pre">i,</span> <span class="pre">o)</span></tt>. Note that you <em>must</em> set all
the tuple items to some value before you pass the tuple to Python code –
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyTuple_New(n)</span></tt> initializes them to NULL, which isn’t a valid Python value.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">How do I call an object’s method from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#PyObject_CallMethod" title="PyObject_CallMethod"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethod()</span></tt></a> function can be used to call an arbitrary
method of an object. The parameters are the object, the name of the method to
call, a format string like that used with <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/arg.html#Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></tt></a>, and the
argument values:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">PyObject_CallMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">method_name</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arg_format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This works for any object that has methods – whether built-in or user-defined.
You are responsible for eventually <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/refcounting.html#Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_DECREF()</span></tt></a>‘ing the return value.</p>
<p>To call, e.g., a file object’s “seek” method with arguments 10, 0 (assuming the
file object pointer is “f”):</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyObject_CallMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"seek"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"(ii)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">...</span> <span class="n">an</span> <span class="n">exception</span> <span class="n">occurred</span> <span class="p">...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that since <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#PyObject_CallObject" title="PyObject_CallObject"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallObject()</span></tt></a> <em>always</em> wants a tuple for the
argument list, to call a function without arguments, pass “()” for the format,
and to call a function with one argument, surround the argument in parentheses,
e.g. “(i)”.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In Python code, define an object that supports the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> method. Assign
this object to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></tt></a>. Call print_error, or
just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, the output will go
wherever your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> method sends it.</p>
<p>The easiest way to do this is to use the StringIO class in the standard library.</p>
<p>Sample code and use for catching stdout:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>>>> class StdoutCatcher:
... def __init__(self):
... self.data = ''
... def write(self, stuff):
... self.data = self.data + stuff
...
>>> import sys
>>> sys.stdout = StdoutCatcher()
>>> print 'foo'
>>> print 'hello world!'
>>> sys.stderr.write(sys.stdout.data)
foo
hello world!</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You can get a pointer to the module object as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">module</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyImport_ImportModule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"<modulename>"</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the module hasn’t been imported yet (i.e. it is not yet present in
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></tt></a>), this initializes the module; otherwise it simply returns
the value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules["<modulename>"]</span></tt>. Note that it doesn’t enter the
module into any namespace – it only ensures it has been initialized and is
stored in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>You can then access the module’s attributes (i.e. any name defined in the
module) as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"<attrname>"</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#PyObject_SetAttrString" title="PyObject_SetAttrString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyObject_SetAttrString()</span></tt></a> to assign to variables in the module
also works.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Depending on your requirements, there are many approaches. To do this manually,
begin by reading <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><em>the “Extending and Embedding” document</em></a>. Realize that for the Python run-time system, there isn’t a
whole lot of difference between C and C++ – so the strategy of building a new
Python type around a C structure (pointer) type will also work for C++ objects.</p>
<p>For C++ libraries, see <a class="reference internal" href="#c-wrapper-software"><em>Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Setup must end in a newline, if there is no newline there, the build process
fails. (Fixing this requires some ugly shell script hackery, and this bug is so
minor that it doesn’t seem worth the effort.)</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-debug-an-extension">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">How do I debug an extension?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can’t set a breakpoint in
your extension until your extension is loaded.</p>
<p>In your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.gdbinit</span></tt> file (or interactively), add the command:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">br</span> <span class="n">_PyImport_LoadDynamicModule</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then, when you run GDB:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ gdb /local/bin/python
gdb) run myscript.py
gdb) continue # repeat until your extension is loaded
gdb) finish # so that your extension is loaded
gdb) br myfunction.c:50
gdb) continue</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Most packaged versions of Python don’t include the
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/python2.</span><em><span class="pre">x</span></em><span class="pre">/config/</span></tt> directory, which contains various files
required for compiling Python extensions.</p>
<p>For Red Hat, install the python-devel RPM to get the necessary files.</p>
<p>For Debian, run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">apt-get</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">python-dev</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-does-systemerror-pyimport-fixupextension-module-yourmodule-not-loaded-mean">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-systemerror-pyimport-fixupextension-module-yourmodule-not-loaded-mean" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This means that you have created an extension module named “yourmodule”, but
your module init function does not initialize with that name.</p>
<p>Every module init function will have a line similar to:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">module</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Py_InitModule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"yourmodule"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">yourmodule_functions</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the string passed to this function is not the same name as your extension
module, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#exceptions.SystemError" title="exceptions.SystemError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></tt></a> exception will be raised.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes you want to emulate the Python interactive interpreter’s behavior,
where it gives you a continuation prompt when the input is incomplete (e.g. you
typed the start of an “if” statement or you didn’t close your parentheses or
triple string quotes), but it gives you a syntax error message immediately when
the input is invalid.</p>
<p>In Python you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codeop.html#module-codeop" title="codeop: Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">codeop</span></tt></a> module, which approximates the parser’s
behavior sufficiently. IDLE uses this, for example.</p>
<p>The easiest way to do it in C is to call <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></tt></a> (perhaps
in a separate thread) and let the Python interpreter handle the input for
you. You can also set the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer()</span></tt> to point at your
custom input function. See <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Modules/readline.c</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser/myreadline.c</span></tt>
for more hints.</p>
<p>However sometimes you have to run the embedded Python interpreter in the same
thread as your rest application and you can’t allow the
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></tt></a> to stop while waiting for user input. The one
solution then is to call <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyParser_ParseString()</span></tt> and test for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">e.error</span></tt>
equal to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">E_EOF</span></tt>, which means the input is incomplete). Here’s a sample code
fragment, untested, inspired by code from Alex Farber:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include <Python.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <node.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <errcode.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <grammar.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <parsetok.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <compile.h></span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">testcomplete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="cm">/* code should end in \n */</span>
<span class="cm">/* return -1 for error, 0 for incomplete, 1 for complete */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">node</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">perrdetail</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyParser_ParseString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">_PyParser_Grammar</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Py_file_input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">E_EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">PyNode_Free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Another solution is trying to compile the received string with
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></tt></a>. If it compiles without errors, try to execute the
returned code object by calling <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#PyEval_EvalCode" title="PyEval_EvalCode"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyEval_EvalCode()</span></tt></a>. Otherwise save the
input for later. If the compilation fails, find out if it’s an error or just
more input is required - by extracting the message string from the exception
tuple and comparing it to the string “unexpected EOF while parsing”. Here is a
complete example using the GNU readline library (you may want to ignore
<strong>SIGINT</strong> while calling readline()):</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include <stdio.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <readline.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <Python.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <object.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <compile.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <eval.h></span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* lengths of line, code */</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">ps1</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">">>> "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">ps2</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"... "</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ps1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">glb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">PyObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">trb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">dum</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">Py_Initialize</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">loc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyDict_New</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">glb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyDict_New</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">PyDict_SetItemString</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">glb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"__builtins__"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PyEval_GetBuiltins</span> <span class="p">());</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">done</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">readline</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prompt</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* CTRL-D pressed */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">done</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strlen</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">add_history</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* save non-empty lines */</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* nothing in code yet */</span>
<span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strlen</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">realloc</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* out of memory */</span>
<span class="n">exit</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* code was empty, so */</span>
<span class="n">code</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">'\0'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* keep strncat happy */</span>
<span class="n">strncat</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* append line to code */</span>
<span class="n">code</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* append '\n' to code */</span>
<span class="n">code</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sc">'\0'</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Py_CompileString</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"<stdin>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Py_single_input</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* compiled just fine - */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ps1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="cm">/* ">>> " or */</span>
<span class="sc">'\n'</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cm">/* "... " and double '\n' */</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* so execute it */</span>
<span class="n">dum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PyEval_EvalCode</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">PyCodeObject</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">glb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dum</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">free</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyErr_Occurred</span> <span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">PyErr_Print</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ps1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span> <span class="cm">/* syntax error or E_EOF? */</span>
<span class="k">else</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyExc_SyntaxError</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">PyErr_Fetch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">trb</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* clears exception! */</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyArg_ParseTuple</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"sO"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&&</span>
<span class="o">!</span><span class="n">strcmp</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"unexpected EOF while parsing"</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="cm">/* E_EOF */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">trb</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ps2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span> <span class="cm">/* some other syntax error */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">PyErr_Restore</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">trb</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">PyErr_Print</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">free</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ps1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">else</span> <span class="cm">/* some non-syntax error */</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">PyErr_Print</span> <span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">free</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">prompt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ps1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">free</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">glb</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">Py_Finalize</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must recompile Python, relink it
using g++ (change LINKCC in the Python Modules Makefile), and link your
extension module using g++ (e.g., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g++</span> <span class="pre">-shared</span> <span class="pre">-o</span> <span class="pre">mymodule.so</span> <span class="pre">mymodule.o</span></tt>).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In Python 2.2, you can inherit from built-in classes such as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#int" title="int"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#list" title="list"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a>, etc.</p>
<p>The Boost Python Library (BPL, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html">http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html</a>)
provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an extension
class written in C++ using the BPL).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="when-importing-module-x-why-do-i-get-undefined-symbol-pyunicodeucs2">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#when-importing-module-x-why-do-i-get-undefined-symbol-pyunicodeucs2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You are using a version of Python that uses a 4-byte representation for Unicode
characters, but some C extension module you are importing was compiled using a
Python that uses a 2-byte representation for Unicode characters (the default).</p>
<p>If instead the name of the undefined symbol starts with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyUnicodeUCS4</span></tt>, the
problem is the reverse: Python was built using 2-byte Unicode characters, and
the extension module was compiled using a Python with 4-byte Unicode characters.</p>
<p>This can easily occur when using pre-built extension packages. RedHat Linux
7.x, in particular, provided a “python2” binary that is compiled with 4-byte
Unicode. This only causes the link failure if the extension uses any of the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_*()</span></tt> functions. It is also a problem if an extension uses any of
the Unicode-related format specifiers for <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/arg.html#Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></tt></a> (or similar) or
parameter specifications for <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/arg.html#PyArg_ParseTuple" title="PyArg_ParseTuple"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyArg_ParseTuple()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>You can check the size of the Unicode character a Python interpreter is using by
checking the value of sys.maxunicode:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>>>> import sys
>>> if sys.maxunicode > 65535:
... print 'UCS4 build'
... else:
... print 'UCS2 build'</pre>
</div>
<p>The only way to solve this problem is to use extension modules compiled with a
Python binary built using the same size for Unicode characters.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">How do I call an object’s method from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-debug-an-extension">How do I debug an extension?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-systemerror-pyimport-fixupextension-module-yourmodule-not-loaded-mean">What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-importing-module-x-why-do-i-get-undefined-symbol-pyunicodeucs2">When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="library.html"
title="previous chapter">Library and Extension FAQ</a></p>
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="windows.html"
title="next chapter">Python on Windows FAQ</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
<li><a href="../_sources/faq/extending.txt"
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
<h3>Quick search</h3>
<form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
<p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="windows.html" title="Python on Windows FAQ"
>next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="library.html" title="Library and Extension FAQ"
>previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" >Python Frequently Asked Questions</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer">
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation.
<br />
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
Last updated on Jul 03, 2019.
<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
<br />
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
</div>
</body>
</html>
| N4m3 |
5!z3 |
L45t M0d!f!3d |
0wn3r / Gr0up |
P3Rm!55!0n5 |
0pt!0n5 |
| .. |
-- |
October 23 2020 09:20:37 |
root / root |
0755 |
|
| | | | | |
| design.html |
80.13 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:45 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| extending.html |
56.853 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:45 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| general.html |
42.265 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| gui.html |
18.598 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| index.html |
6.45 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| installed.html |
9.046 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| library.html |
93.294 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| programming.html |
183.755 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
| windows.html |
32.132 KB |
July 03 2019 16:47:46 |
root / root |
0644 |
|
$.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342ÿÛ C
2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222ÿÀ }|" ÿÄ
ÿÄ µ } !1AQa "q2‘¡#B±ÁRÑð$3br‚
%&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyzƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š’“”•–—˜™š¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª²³´µ¶·¸¹ºÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊÒÓÔÕÖרÙÚáâãäåæçèéêñòóôõö÷øùúÿÄ
ÿÄ µ w !1AQ aq"2B‘¡±Á #3RðbrÑ
$4á%ñ&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š’“”•–—˜™š¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª²³´µ¶·¸¹ºÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊÒÓÔÕÖרÙÚâãäåæçèéêòóôõö÷øùúÿÚ ? ÷HR÷j¹ûA <̃.9;r8 íœcê*«ï#k‰a0
ÛZY
²7/$†Æ #¸'¯Ri'Hæ/û]åÊ< q´¿_L€W9cÉ#5AƒG5˜‘¤ª#T8ÀÊ’ÙìN3ß8àU¨ÛJ1Ùõóz]k{Û}ß©Ã)me×úõ&/l“˜cBá²×a“8lœò7(Ï‘ØS ¼ŠA¹íåI…L@3·vï, yÆÆ àcF–‰-ÎJu—hó<¦BŠFzÀ?tãúguR‹u#
‡{~?Ú•£=n¾qo~öôüô¸¾³$õüÑ»jò]Mä¦
>ÎÈ[¢à–?) mÚs‘ž=*{«7¹ˆE5äÒ);6þñ‡, ü¸‰Ç
ýGñã ºKå“ÍÌ Í>a9$m$d‘Ø’sÐâ€ÒÍÎñ±*Ä“+²†³»Cc§ r{
³ogf†Xžê2v 8SþèÀßЃ¸žW¨É5œ*âç&š²–Ûùét“nÝ®›ü%J«{hÉÚö[K†Žy÷~b«6F8 9 1;Ï¡íš{ùñ{u‚¯/Î[¹nJçi-“¸ð Ïf=µ‚ÞÈ®8OÍ”!c H%N@<ŽqÈlu"š…xHm®ä<*ó7•…Á
Á#‡|‘Ó¦õq“êífÛüŸ•oNÚ{ËFý;– ŠÙ–!½Òq–‹væRqŒ®?„ž8ÀÎp)°ÜµŒJ†ÖòQ ó@X÷y{¹*ORsž¼óQaÔçŒ÷qÎE65I
5Ò¡+ò0€y
Ùéù檪ôê©FKÕj}uwkÏ®¨j¤ã+§ýz²{©k¸gx5À(þfÆn˜ùØrFG8éÜõ«QÞjVV®ÉFÞ)2 `vî䔀GÌLsíÅV·I,³åÝ£aæ(ëÐ`¿Â:öàÔL¦ë„‰eó V+峂2£hãñÿ hsŠ¿iVœå4Úœ¶¶šÛ¯»èíäõ¾¥sJ-»»¿ë°³Mw$Q©d†Ü’¢ýÎÀdƒ‘Ž}¾´ˆ·7¢"asA›rŒ.v@ ÞÇj”Y´%Š–·–5\ܲõåË2Hã×°*¾d_(˜»#'<ŒîØ1œuþ!ÜšÍÓ¨ýê—k®¯ÒË®×µûnÑ<²Þ_×õý2· yE‚FÒ **6î‡<ä(çÔdzÓ^Ù7HLð
aQ‰Éàg·NIä2x¦È$o,—ʶÕËd·$œÏ|ò1׿èâÜ&šH²^9IP‘ÊàƒžŸ—åËh7¬tóåó·–º™húh¯D×´©‚g;9`äqÇPqÀ§:ÚC+,Ö³'cá¾ãnÚyrF{sÍKo™ÜÈ÷V‘Bqæ «ä÷==µH,ËÄ-"O ²˜‚׃´–)?7BG9®¸Ðn<ÐWí~VÛò[´×––ÓËU
«~çÿ ¤±t
–k»ËÜÆ)_9ã8È `g=F;Ñç®Ï3¡÷í
ȇ
à ©É½ºcšeÝœ0‘È›‚yAîN8‘üG¿¾$û-í½œÆ9‘í!ˆ9F9çxëøž*o_žIÆÖZò¥ÓºVùöõ¿w¦Ýˆæ•´ÓYÄ®³ËV£êƒæõç?áNòîn.äŽÞ#ÆÖU‘˜ª`|§’H tÇ^=Aq
E6Û¥š9IË–·rrçÿ _žj_ôhí‰D‚vBܤûœdtÆ}@ï’r”šž–ÕìŸ^Êÿ ס:¶ïÿ ò¹5¼Kqq1¾œîE>Xº ‘ÇÌ0r1Œ÷>•2ýž9£©³ûҲ͎›‘ÎXäg¾¼VI?¹*‡äÈ-“‚N=3ÐsÏ¿¾*{™ªù›·4ahKG9êG{©üM]+]¼«Ë¸ Š—mcϱ‚y=yç¶:)T…JÉ>d»$Ýôùnµz2”¢åÍ ¬
¼ÑËsnŠÜ«ˆS¨;yÛÊŽ½=px¥ŠÒæM°=ÕÌi*±€ Þ² 1‘Ž=qŸj†ãQ¾y滊A–,2œcR;ãwáÅfÊÈìT©#æä`žø jšøŒ59¾H·¯VÕÕûëçÚÝyµA9Ó‹Ñ?Çúþºš—QÇ
ÔvòßNqù«¼!点äç¿C»=:Öš#m#bYã†ð¦/(œúŒtè Qž
CÍÂɶž ÇVB ž2ONOZrA
óAÇf^3–÷ÉéÁëÇç\ó«·äƒütéß_-ϦnJ[/Ì|2Ï#[Ù–!’,Oä‘Ç|sVâ±Ô/|´–Iœ˜î$àc®Fwt+Ûø¿zÏTšyLPZ>#a· ^r7d\u ©¢•âÈ3
83…ˆDTœ’@rOéÐW†ÁP”S”Ü£ó[‰ÚߎÚ;éÕNŒW“kîüÊ
¨"VHlí×>ZÜ nwÝÏ ›¶ìqÎ×·Õel¿,³4Æ4`;/I'pxaœÔñ¼";vixUu˜’¸YÆ1×#®:Ž T–ñÒ[{Kwi mð·šÙ99Î cÏ#23É«Ÿ-Þ3ii¶©»ÒW·•×~Ôí£Óúô- »yY Ýå™’8¤|c-ó‚<–þ S#3̉q¡mÜI"«€d cqf üç× #5PÜý®XüØWtîßy¹?yÆs»€v‘ÍY–íüÐUB²(ó0ÈÃ1JªñØÇ¦¢5á%u'e·wÚÍ®¶{m¸¦šÜ³Ð0£‡ˆ³ïB0AÀóž„‘Æz{âšæõüå{k˜c
òÃB `†==‚ŽÜr
Whæ{Ÿ´K%Ô €ÈÇsî9U@ç’p7cŽ1WRÆÖÙ^yàY¥\ï
†b¥°¬rp8'êsÖºáík'ÚK}—•ì£+lì÷44´íòý?«Ö÷0¤I"Ú³.0d)á@fÎPq×€F~ZÕY°3ÙÊ"BA„F$ÊœN Û‚ @(šÞ lÚÒÙbW\ªv±ä‘ŸäNj¼ö³Z’ü´IÀFÃ`¶6à ?!
NxÇÒ©Ò†Oª²½’·ŸM¶{êºjÚqŒ©®èþ
‰ ’&yL%?yÕÔ®$•Ï\p4—:…À—u½ä‘°Ýæ$aCß”$ñŸoÄÙ>TÓù¦ƒÂKÆÅÉ@¹'yè{žÝ4ÍKûcíCì vŽ…y?]Ol©Ê|Íê¾Þ_;üÿ Ï¡Rçånÿ rÔ’[m²»˜¡Ž4ùDŽ›Ë) $’XxËëšY8¹i•†Á!‘þpJ•V^0
Œ±õèi²Å²en%·„†8eeù²Yˆ,S†=?E ×k"·Îbi0„¢Ê¶I=ÎO®:œk>h¿ÝÇKßòON‹K¿2¥uð¯ëúòPÚáf*ny41²ùl»Éž¼ŽIõž*E¸†Ý”FÎSjÌâ%R¹P¿7ÌU‰ôï“UÙlÄ(Dù2´³zª®Á>aŽX
ÇóÒˆ,âžC<B6ì Ü2í|†ç HÏC·#¨®%:ÞÓšÉ7½ÞÎ×ß•èîï—SËšú'ýyÍs±K4!Ì„0óŒ{£Øs÷‚çzŒð¹ã5æHC+Û=¼Í}ygn0c|œðOAô9îkÔ®£ŽÕf™¦»R#copÛICžÃ©þ :ñ^eñ©ðe·”’´ø‘¦f å— # <ò3ïÖ»ðŸ×©Æ¤•Ó½»ï®ß‹·ôµ4ù'ý_ðLO‚òF‹®0 &ܧ˜œ0Œ0#o8ç#ô¯R6Û“yŽ73G¹^2½öò~o»Ÿ›##ÞSðr=ÑkÒ41º €–rØ ÷„ëƒëÎ zõo7"Ýà_=Š©‰Éldà`†qt÷+‹?æxù©%m,ö{.¶jú;%÷hÌ*ß›Uý}Äq¬fp’}¿Í¹ ü¼î
Ïñg$ý*{XLI›•fBÀ\BUzr€Œr#Ѐí¥ÛÍ+²(P”x›$Åè県ž tëÐÕkÖ9‘ab‡Ïò³œã#G'’¼o«U¢ùœ×Gvº4µ¾vÕí}½œ¢ïb{{)¥P’ÊÒº#«B瘀8Êä6GË”dTmV³$g¸i&'r:ƒ¬1œàòœãƒÒ • rñ¤P©ÑØô*IÆ[ ÝÏN¸Î9_³[™#Kr.Fí¤í*IÁ?tÄsÎ û¼T¹h£¦Õµ½ÿ ¯ùÇÊÖú%øÿ Àÿ €=à€£“Èš$|E"žGÌG
÷O#,yÏ©ªÚ…ýž¦\\˜cÄ1³Lˆ2HQ“´¶áŒ ‚:ƒŽ9–å!Š–Í‚É¾F''‘÷yÇNüûãëpÆ|=~¢D•䵕vn2„sÓžGLë
IUP´Uíw®Ú-/mm£²×Ì–ìíeý]? øÑüa¨ÞZÏeki,q‰c10PTpAÜÀg%zSß°2Ĥ¡U]®ØŠÜçžI;€èpx?_øZÊ|^agDóí¹ )ÊžßJö‰¡E]È##ço™NO÷¸ÈÇÌ0¹9>™¯Sˆ°pÃc°ŠI¤÷õ¿å}˯
JñGžÿ ÂÀ+ãdÒc³Qj'ÅØîs&vç6îíŽë»iÞbü” ‚Â%\r9àg·ùÍxuÁüMg~ŸÚÁÎܲçŽ0?*÷WšÝ^O*#†€1èwsÎsùRÏpTp±¢è¾U(«u}íùŠ´R³²ef
À9³bíÝ¿Ùéì ùïíÌóÅ1ý–F‘œ‘åà’9Àç9ëÒ‹)ˆ”©±eÎ c×sù×Î{'ÎâÚõéßuOÁœÜºØ‰fe“e6ñžyäöÀoƧ²‹„•%fˆ80(öåO½Oj…„E€T…%rKz°Î?.;{šXÙ‡ŸeUÚd!üx9þtã%wO_øoòcM-
j–ÒHX_iK#*) ž@Ž{ôǽBd¹‰RÝn–ê0«7ˆìyÀ÷Í@¬Ì¢³³’ 9é÷½?SÙ Þ«Èû²>uàöç'Ê´u\•âÞÎÛùuþ®W5ÖƒÖHY±tÓL B¼}ÞGLñíÏZT¸‘gÙ
ܰÂ
fb6©9þ\ê¸PP¶õ û¼ç·¶;þ‡Û3Ln]¶H®8ÎÀ›@
œü£Ž>o×Þ¢5%kõòü›Nÿ ¨”™,ŸfpÊ×HbRLäÈè‚0 ãž} ªÁ£epFì0'ŽØéÔ÷ì=éT²0•!…Îzt9ç¾?”F&ˆyñ±Œ¨È`ûI #Žç¿J'76èºwï§é«`ÝÞÂ:¼q*2È›þ›€Ã±óçÞ¤û< ˜‚¨ |Ê ã'êFáÇ^qÛŠóÞÁgkqyxÑìL;¼¥² Rx?‡¯Y7PŽwnù¶†û¾Ü·.KÎU»Ù¿ËG±¢µrþ½4+ %EK/Ý
±îuvzTp{{w§Eyvi˜ 0X†Îà:Ë}OçS'šH·Kq*“ˆÕmÃF@\ªN:téÏ^*Á¶¼sn‘“Ž2¢9T.½„\ýò@>˜7NFïNRÓ·wèôßEÕua'¬[þ¾cö¡ÌOæ¦âÅŠ². Ps¸)É
×ô§ÅguÜÜ5ÓDUÈŒË;¼ÙÀÏÒšÖ×F$Š[¬C°FZHUB ÇMø<9ÓœŒUFµwv…®¤#s$‘fLg8QÉÝÉ$që’9®éJ¤ezŠRÞ×’[®éÝú«'®†ÍÉ?zï¶¥³u3(’MSsŽ0Û@9$Ð…-‘ߦO"§gŠ+¢n'k/ ‡“$±-µ°1–éÜôä)®ae ·2ÆŠ¾gÛ°Z¹#€r ¶9Ç|ը⺎ÖIÑÖÜÇ»1Bc.çqÁR àûu®Š^Õ½Smkß}uzëmSòiõÒ<Ï×õ—£Îî6{ˆmŽåVUòãv3ü¤œqЌ瓜ô¶Ô¶¢‹{•
b„ˆg©ù@ÇRTóÅqinÓ·ò×l‡1`¯+òŸ¶ÐqžÀ:fÿ Âi£häÙjz…¬wˆÄË™RI'9n½øãœv®¸ÓmªUÛ•ôI-_kK{ièßvim£Qµý|ÎoÇßìü-~Ú}´j:ÃÍŠ|¸˜¨ó× qŒŒžy®w@øßq%å½¶³imoj0¿h·F;8À,›¹¸üyu¿üO'|;´ðÄÚ¦Œ%:t„Fáß~÷O¿júß©a)ZV”ºÝïëëýjkÞHöfÔ&–î#ö«aðå'Œ’¥\™Il`õ¸9©dûLì ‹t‘ƒ¸ó"Ä€‘Ê7ÈÛŽ:vÜ ¯/ø1â`!»Ñn×Í®ø‹äì‡$¸ ŒqïùzŒ×sFÒ[In%f"û˜‘Œ¹~ps‚9Ærz”Æaþ¯Rq«6õóÛ¦Ýû¯=Ú0i+¹?ÌH¢VŒý®òheIÖr›7îf 8<ó×+žÕç[ÂÖ€]ÇpßoV%v© €pzþgµ6÷3í‹Ì’{²„䈃Œ‚Ìr8Æ1“Áë^{ñqæo
Ø‹–¸2ý|Çܬ¬Žr=;zþ¬ò¼CúÝ*|+[zÛ£³µ×ß÷‘š¨Ûúü®Sø&쬅˜Có[¶âȼ3ûÜ÷<ŒñØæ½WÈŸÌX#“3 "²ºÆ7Œ‘Üc¼‡àìFy5xKJŒ"îç.r@ï×Þ½Ä-ÿ þ“}ª}’*Þ!,Fm¸Î@†9b?1W{Yæ3„`Ú¼VõŠÚÛ_kùöG.mhÎñ ôíhí§Ô$.ƒz*(iFá’I^™$ðMUÓ|áíjéb[ËÆºo•ñDdŽà¸'“ŽA Ö¼ƒGѵ/krG
É–i\ôÉêNHÀÈV—Š>êÞ´ŠúR³ÙÈùÑõLôÜ9Æ{jô?°°Kýš¥WíZ¿V—m6·E}{X~Æ?
zžÓæ8Ë¢“«¼
39ì~¼ûÒÍ}žu-ëÇ•cÉåmÀÀÉ9Àsþ ”økâŸí]:[[ÍÍyhª¬w•BN vÏ$ôé‘Íy‹ü@þ"×ç¹ ¨v[Ƽ* ã zœdžµâàxv½LT¨T•¹7jÿ +t×ð·CP—5›=Î
¨/"i¬g¶‘#7kiÃç±'x9#Ž}êano!òKD‘ílï”('¿SÔð?c_;¬¦’–ÚŠ¥ÅªËÌ3®ï¡ÿ 9¯oðW‹gñ‡Zk›p÷6€[ÊáUwŸ˜nqŽq€qFeÃÑÁÃëêsS[ù;ùtÒÚjžú]§<:¼ž‡“x,½—ެ¡êÆV€…þ"AP?ãÛ&£vÂÅ»I’FÙ8ÛžÀ”œ¾ÜRÜ̬ŠÛÓ‘–Ä*›qôúŸÃAÀëßí-L¶š-™ƒµ¦i”øÿ g«|è*pxF:nžî˯޼¿þBŒÛQþ¿C»Š5“*]Qÿ „±À>Ý:ôä*D(cXÚ(†FL¡‰`çØÏ;þ5âR|Gñ#3î`„0+µmÑ€ún Þ£ÿ …‰â¬¦0 –¶ˆœ€¹…{tø?ʯ(_çþ_Š5XY[¡Ù|Q¿ú
µŠ2︛sO* Бÿ ×â°<+à›MkÂ÷š…ij
·Ü–ˆ«ò‚?ˆœúäc½øåunû]¹Iïåè› ç ¯[ð&©¥Ýxn;6>}²’'`IË0ÁèN}zö5éâ©âr\¢0¥ñs^Ml¿«%®ýM$¥F•–ç‘Øj÷Ze¦£k
2¥ô"FqÀ`„~5Ùü+Ò¤—QºÕ†GÙ—Ë‹ çqä°=¶ÏûÔÍcá¶¡/ˆ¤[ý†iK ™°"ó•Æp;`t¯MÑt}+@²¶Óí·Ídy’3mÕË‘’zc€0 íyÎq„ž ¬4×5[_]Rë{]ì¬UZ±p÷^åØÞÈ[©&OúÝÛ‚‚s÷zžIïßó btÎΪ\ya¾U;C¤t*IÎFF3Џ™c
1žYD…U° êÄàõë\oŒ¼a ‡c[[GŽãP‘7 â znÈ>Ãü3ñ˜,=lUENŒäô¾ÚÀÓ[_ð9 œ´JçMy©E¢Àí}x,bpAó¦üdcûŒW9?Å[Há$¿¹pÄ™#^9O88©zO=«Ë!µÖüY¨³ªÍy9ûÒ1 úôÚ»M?àô÷«ÞëÖ–ÙMÌ#C&ßnJ“Üp#Ђ~²†G–àíekϵío»_žŸuΨQ„t“ÔÛ²øáû›´W6»Øoy FQÎr $Óõìk¬„‹ïÞÚ¼sÆíòÉ67\míÎyF¯ð¯TÓã’K;ë[ð·ld«7üyíšÉ𯊵 êáeYžÏq[«&vMÀðßFà}p3ÅgW‡°8ØßVín›þšõ³¹/ ü,÷ií|’‘´R,®ŠÉ‡W“Ž1ØöëÓ¾xžÖÞ¹xÞݬXZGù\’vŒž˜ÆsØúÓïí&ÒÒ{]Qž9£Ê¡ù·ÄÀ»¶áHäž™5—ìö« -&ù¤U<±ÉÆA>½ý+æg
jžö륢þNÛ=÷JÖÛfdÔ õýËúû‹ÓØB²¬fInZ8wÌÉЮ~aƒÎ=3ìx‚+/¶äÁlŠ‚?™Æü#8-œ\pqTZXtè%»»&ÚÝ#´ŠðÜžã§Í’¼{p·ß{m>ÞycP¨’¼¢0ú(Rƒë^Ž ñó¼(»y%m´ÕÙ}ÊûékB1¨þÑ®,#Q)ó‡o1T©ÜÃ*Ž‹‚yö<b‰4×H€“ìÐ.
¤²9ÌŠ>„Žãøgšñ
¯Š~)¸ßå\ÛÛoBŒa·L²œg$‚Iã¯ZÈ—Æ~%”äë—È8â)Œcƒ‘Âàu9¯b%)ÞS²¿Ïïÿ 4Öºù}Z/[H%¤vÉ#Ì’x§†b
© ³´tÜ{gn=iï%õªÇç]ܧ—!åw„SÓp ·VÈÏ¡?5Âcâb¥_ĤŠz¬—nàþÖΟñKÄöJé=ÌWèêT‹¸÷qÎჟ•q’zWUN«N/ØO^Ÿe|í¾©k{üõ4öV^ïù~G¹êzÂèº|·÷×[’Þ31†rpjg·n
Æ0Ý}kåË‹‰nîe¹ËÍ+™ÏVbrOç]'‰¼o®xÎh`¹Ç*±ÙÚ!T$d/$žN>¼WqᯅZ9ÑÒO\ÜÛê1o&,-z ~^NCgNÕéá)ÒÊ©7‰¨¯'Õþ¯þ_¿Ehîþóâ €ï¬uÛûý*ÎK9ä.â-öv<²‘×h$àãúW%ö¯~«g-ÕõÀàG~>Zú¾Iš+(šM³ Û#9äl%ðc¬ ûÝ xÖKG´x®|¸¤Ï™O:Ê8Ã’qÉcÔä‚yÇNJyËŒTj¥&µOmztjÿ ?KëaµÔù¯áýóXøãLeb¾tžAÇû`¨êGBAõ¾•:g˜’ù·,þhÀ`¬qÜ` e·~+å[±ý“âYÄjWì—µHé±ø?Nõô>½âX<5 Ç©ÏѼM¶8cܪXŽÉ^r?¼IróÈS•ZmÇ›™5»òÚÚ7ïu«&|·÷•Ά
>[©ÞXHeS$Œyà€ ÷ù²:ò2|óãDf? Z¼PD¶ÓßC(xÆ0|©ßR;ôMsÿ µ´ÔVi¬,͹›Ìxâi˜`¹,GAéÇlV§ÄýF×Yø§ê–‘:Ã=ò2³9n±ÉžØÏ@yÎWžæ±Ãàe„ÄÒN ]ïòêìú_Go'¦ŽÑ’_×õЯðR66þ!›ÑÄ gFMÙ— äžäqôÈ;ÿ eX<#%»Aö‰ãR¤ Í”Ž¹È G&¹Ÿƒ&á?¶Zˆ±keRè Kãnz·ãŠÕøÄÒÂ9j%@®×q±ÜŒý[õ-É$uíè&¤¶9zÇï·Oøï®ÄJKšÖìdü"µˆ[jײÎc;ã…B(g<9nàȯG½µŸPÓ.´Éfâ¼FŽP
31 ‘ÏR}<3šä~
Ã2xVöî Dr
Ç\›}Ý#S÷ÈÀëŽHÆI®à\OçKuäI¹†ó(”—GWî ñ³¹¸æ2¨›‹ºÚû%¾ýÖ_3ºNú¯ëúì|ÕÅÖ‰}ylM’ZËîTÿ á[ðÐñ/ˆ9Àû
¸ón3 Mòd‘÷ döª^.Êñް›BâîNp>cëÏçÍzïÃôÏ
YÍ%ª¬·ãÏ-*9ÜÂãhéŒc¾dÈêú¼Ë,. VŠ÷çeÿ n/¡¼äãõâ=‹xGQKx”|¹bÌŠD@2Œ 8'Ž àúƒŽ+áDÒ&¡¨"Œ§–Žr22 Ç·s]ŸÄ‹«ð%ÚÄ<¹ä’(×{e›HÀqÁç©Ç½`üŽÚõK饚9ƒÄ±€<–úƒú~ çðñO#Í%iKKlµ¦¾F)'Iê¬Î+Ç(`ñ¾£œdÈ’`™ºcßéé^ÿ i¸”Û\ý¡æhÔB«aq¸}ãÀÆ:ÜWƒ|FÛÿ BŒÇÀeaŸ-sÊ€:úW½ÜÝÜ<%$µ†%CóDªÀí%IÈÏʤ…ôäñÞŒ÷‘a0“ôŽÚë¤nŸoW÷0«e¶y'Å»aΗ2r’# Û°A^ý9ÉQÔõ=ù5¬£Öü.(Þ’M$~V«=éSÄFN½®©ÔWô»ÿ þHžkR‹ìÏ+µµžöê;khÚI¤m¨‹Ôš–âÖçJ¾_Z•’6a”Èô> ÕÉaÕ<%®£2n bQŠå\tÈõUÿ ø»þ‹k15‚ÃuCL$ݹp P1=Oøýs¯^u éEJ”–éêŸê½5ýzy›jÛ³á›Ûkÿ ÚOcn±ÛÏîW;boºz{ãžüVÆ¡a£a5½äÎÂks¸J@?1è¿{$ä‘=k”øsÖ^nŒ¦)ÝåXÃíùN1ØõÚOJë–xF÷h¸ Œ"Ž?x䜚ü³ì¨c*Fœ¯i;7~ñí׫Ðó¥Ë»3Ãü púw ‰°<Á%»ñž ÿ P+Û^ ¾Ye£ŽCÄŒ„/>˜>•á¶Ìm~&&À>M[hÈÈÿ [Ž•íd…RO@3^Ç(ʽ*¶ÖQZyßþ
1Vº}Ñç?¼O4Rh6R€ª£í¡ûÙ
a‚3ß·Õ
ü=mRÍ/µ9¤‚0ÑC¼Iè:cŽsÛ¾™x£ÆÐ¬ªÍöˢ샒W$•€Å{¨ÀPG
ÀÀàŸZìÍ1RÉ0´ðxEË9+Éÿ ^rEÕ—±Š„70l¼áË@û.' ¼¹Žz€N3úUÉ<3á×*?²¬‚ä†"Ùc=p íÛ'¡ª1ñ"økJ†HÒ'»Ÿ+
oÏN¬Ã9 dÙãÜדÏâÍ~æc+j·Jzâ7(£ðW]•æ™?nê´º6åwéåç÷N•ZŠíž›¬|?Ðõ?Ñ-E…®³ÇV$~X¯/…õ x‘LˆÑÜÚÈ7¦pzãÜüë½ðÄ^õtÝYËÍ7ÉÖÕ8ÏUe# #€r=sU¾/é’E§jRC4mxNÝ´9†íuá»›V‘
ZI€×cr1Ÿpzsøf»¨åV‹ìû`qËLÊIã?\~¼³áËC©êhªOîO»‘ÃmçÛçút×¢x“Z}?Üê#b-¤X7õÄò gž zzbº3œm*qvs·M=íúéw}¿&Úª°^Ö×µÏ(ø‡â†Öµƒenñý†×åQáYûœ÷ÇLœôÎNk¡ð‡¼/µ¸n0æÉ0¬ƒ‚üîÉÆvŒw®Sáö”š¯‹-üÕVŠØÙ[$`(9cqƒÔ_@BëqûÙ`Ýæ0;79È?w<ó |ÙÜkßÌ1±Ëã¿ìÒ»ðlìï«ÓnªèèrP´NÏš&ŽéöÙ¸÷æ°~-_O'‰`°!RÚÚÝ%]Ø%þbß1'¿ÿ XÕáOöÎŒ·‹¬+Åæ*ÛÛ™0¤ƒOÍÔ`u¯¦ÂaèÐÃÓ«‹¨Ô¥µœ¿¯ÉyÅÙ.oÔôŸ Úx&(STðݽ¦õ] ’ÒNóÁäÈùr3í·žÚ[™ƒ¼veÈ÷ÞIõÎGlqÎ=M|«gsªxÅI6
]Z·Îªä,¨zŒŽÄ~#ØŠúFñiÉqc©éÐD>S딑 GñŽ1éÐ^+
Ëi;Ô„µVÕú»i¯ÈÒ-ZÍ]òܘ®ì`bÛÙ¥_/y(@÷qÐúg Ô÷W0.Ø›
6Ò© r>QƒŒ0+Èîzb¨É+I0TbNñ"$~)ÕÒ6Þ‹{0VÆ27œWWñcÄcX×íôûyKZéðªc'iQ¿¯LaWŠŸS\·Š“źʸ…ôÙÂí|öÀÇåV|!¤ÂGâÛ[[’ï
3OrÙËPY¹=Î1õ5öåTžÑè Ú64/üö?Zëžk}¬¶éàoá¾á}3“ü]8Éæ¿´n²Žš_6¾pœ)2?úWÓÚ¥¾¨iWúdŽq{*ª1rXŒd…m»‰äcô¯–dâ•ã‘Jº¬§¨#¨®§,df«8ÉÅßN¾hˆ;îÓ=7áùpën®É 6ûJžO2^œÐò JÖø¥²ã›Ò6Ü·‰!wbÍ‚¬O©»õ¬ÿ ƒP=Ä:â¤-&ÙŽ
`È9 r9íϧzë> XÅ7ƒ5X–krÑ¢L7€ìw}ÑŸNHëŒüþ:2†á¼+u·á÷N/Û'Ðç~ߘô«ëh!ónRéeQ´6QÛÿ èEwëÅÒ|¸Yqó1uêyùzð8 ƒŠù¦Ò;¹ä6öi<'ü³„[ÃZhu½ ùÍ¡g‚>r¯×ŠîÌx}bñ2“k꣧oø~›hTèóËWò4|ki"xßQ˜Ï6øÀLnß‚0 ¹Æ{±–¶Öe#¨27È@^Ìß.1N¾œyç€õ†ñeé·Õã†çQ°€=Ì©ºB€Ø8<‚ÃSõ®ùcc>×Ú .Fr:žÝGæ=kÁâ,^!Fž
¬,àµ}%¶«îõ¹†"r²ƒGœüYÕd?aÑÃY®49PyU ÷þ!žxÅm|/‚ãNð˜¼PcûTÒ,¹/Ý=FkÏ|u¨¶«âë…{¤m¢]Û¾ïP>®XãÞ½iÓÁ¾
‰'¬–6ß¼(„ï— í!úÙäzôë^–:œ¨å|,_¿&š×]uÓѵÛô4’j”bž§x‘Æ©ã›á,‚[Ô
ÎÞ= ŒËæ ÀùYÁ?ŽïÚ¼?ÁªxºÕÛ,°1¸‘¿ÝäãØ¯v…@¤åq½ºã œàûââ·z8Xýˆþz~—û»™âµj=Ž
â~ãáh@'h¼F#·Üp?ŸëQü-løvépx»cŸø…lxâÃûG·‰¶ø”L£©%y?¦úõÆü-Õ¶¥y`Òl7>q’2üA?•F}c‡jB:¸Jÿ +§¹¿¸Q÷°ív=VÑìu[Qml%R7a×IèTõéŽx¬
?†š7
1†îã-ˆã’L¡lŽ0OÓ=ÅuˆpÇ•¼3ÛùÒ¶W/!|’wŽw^qÔ×ÏaóM8Q¨ãÑ?ëï0IEhÄa¸X•`a
?!ÐñùQ!Rä žqŽžÝO`I0ÿ J“y|ñ!Îã@99>þ8–+éáu…!ù—ä
ʰ<÷6’I®z
ÅS„¾)Zþ_Öýµ×ËPåOwø÷þ*üïænÖùmØÝûþ¹=>¦½öî×Jh]¼ç&@§nTŒ6ITÀõ^Fxð7Å3!Ö·aÛ$þÿ ¹ã5îIo:ȪmËY[’8ÇӾlj*òû¢¥xõ¾¼ú•åk+\ð¯ HÚoŽl•Ûk,¯ ç²²cõÅ{²Z\
´ìQ åpzŽ3Ôð}ÿ Jð¯XO¡øÎé€hÙ¥ûLdŒ`““ù6Gá^ÃáÝ^Ë[Ñb¾YåŒÊ»dŽ4†2§,;ÿ CQÄ´¾°¨c–±”mºV{«ßÕýÄW\ÖŸ‘çŸ,çMRÆí“l-ƒn~ë©ÉÈê Ü?#Ž•¹ðãSÒ¥ÐWNíà½;ãž)™ÎSÈ9cóLj뵿ūiÍk¨ió¶X‚7÷ƒ€yãnyÏŽëÞ Öt`×À×V's$È9Ú:ä{wÆEk€«†Çàc—â$éÎ.éí~Ýëk}ÅAÆpörÑ¢‡Šl¡ÑüSs‹¨‰IÄóÀ×wñ&eºðf™pŒÆ9gŽTø£lñëÀçŽ NkÊUK0U’p ï^¡ãÈ¥´ø{£ÙHp`’ØåbqÏ©äó^Æ:
Ž' ÊóM«õz+ß×ó5Ÿ»('¹ð¦C„$˜Å¢_ºÈI?»^äã'ñêzž+ë€ñ-½»´}¡Ë*õ?.xÇ^1ŽMyǸ&“—L–îëöâ7…' bqéÎGé]˪â1$o²¸R8Ã`.q€}sÖ¾C98cêÆÞíïóòvÓòùœÕfÔÚéýuèÖ·Ú
Å‚_¤³ÜۺƑß”àרý:׃xPþÅÕî-/üØmnQìïGΊÙRqê=>¢½õnæ·r!—h`+’;ò3È<“Û©éšóŸx*÷V¹¸×tÈiˆßwiÔÿ |cŒñÏ®3ֽ̰‰Ë Qr©ö½®¼ÛoÑÙZÅÑ«O൯ýw8;k›ÿ x†;ˆJa;‘º9÷÷R+¡ñgŽí|Iáë{ôáo2ʲ9 029ÉÏLí\‰¿¸Ÿb˜ "Bv$£ßiê>=ªª©f
’N ëí>¡NXW~5×úíø\‰»½Ï^ø(—wÖú¥¤2íŽÞXæÁ$°eÈ888^nÝë²ñÝÔ^ ÖÚ9Q~Ëå7ï
DC¶ÑµƒsËÇè9®Wáþƒ6‡£´·°2\Ý:ÈÑ?(#¨'$õèGJ¥ñW\ÿ ‰E¶—¸™g˜ÌÀ¹;Pv ú±ÎNs·ëŸ’–"Ž/:té+ûË]öJöÓM»ëø˜*‘•^Uý—êd|‰åñMæÔÝ‹23å™6æHùÛ‚ëüñ^…ñ1¢oêûÑEØ.õ7*ÅHtÎp{g<·Á«+¸c¿¿pÓ¾Æby=8É_ÄsÆk¬ñB\jÞÔì••Ë[9Píb‹Bヅ =93§ð§LšÛáÖšÆæXÌÞdÛP.0\ãïÛ0?™úJ¸™Ë
”•œº+=<µI£¦í¯õêt¬d‹T¬P=ËFêT>ÍØØ@Ï9<÷AQÌ×»Õ¡xùk",JÎæù±Éç$œŽŸZWH®¯"·UÌQ ’ÙÈ]ÅXg<ã
ߨg3-Üqe€0¢¨*Œ$܃
’Sû 8㎼_/e'+Ï–-èÓ¶¶Õíß[·ÙÙ½îì—¼sk%§µxä‰â-pÒeÆCrú
ôσžû=”šÅô(QW‚Õd\ƒæ. \àö¹¯F½°³½0M>‘gr÷q+œ¶NïºHO— ¤ ܥݔn·J|ÆP6Kµc=Isó}Ò çGš)a=—#vK›åoK§ßóÙ¤¶¿õú…ÄRÚ[ËsöÙ¼Ë•Ë ópw®qœŒ·Ø
ùÇâ‹ý‡ãKèS&ÞvûDAù‘É9ŒîqÅ}
$SnIV[]Ñ´Ó}ØÜ¾A Ü|½kÅþÓ|EMuR¼.I¼¶däò‚ÃkÆ}ðy¹vciUœZ…Õõ»z¾÷¿n¦*j-É/àœHã\y5 Û ß™ó0—äŸnzôã#Ô¯,†¥ÚeÔ÷ÜÅ´„“'c…<íÝ€<·SŠ¥k§Ã¢éÆÆÙna‚8–=«Êª[Ÿ™°pNî02z“ÔÙ–K8.È’Þî(vƒ2®@ äÈûãçžxäÇf¯ˆu¹yUÕîýWšÙ|›ëÒ%Q^í[æ|éo5ZY•^{96ˆY‚§v*x>âº_|U¹Ö´©tûMÒÂ9PÇ#«£#€ éÉñ‘ƒÍz/‰´-į¹°dd,Б›p03ƒœ{ç9=+
Ûᧇ¬¦[‡‚ê婺¸#±ß=³ý¿•Õµjñ½HÙh›Û[§ÚýÊöô÷{˜?ô÷·Ô.u©–_%còcAÀ˜’
}0x9Î>žñÇáÍ9,ahï¦Ì2òÓ ñÛAäry$V²Nð
]=$Ž
‚#Ù‚1ƒƒødõMax‡ÂÖ^!±KkÛ‘
«“Çó²FN8+ëÎ{Ò¼oí§[«ÕMRoËeç×[_m/¦¦k.kôgŽxsSÓ´ý`êzªÜÜKo‰cPC9ÎY‰#§^üý9¹âïÞx£Ë·Ú`±‰‹¤;³–=ÏaôÕAð‚÷kêÁNBéÎælcõö®£Fð†ô2Ò¬]ßÂK$ÓÜ®•”/ÊHàã$ä¸÷ëf¹Oµúâ“”’²øè´µþöjçNü÷üÌ¿ xNïFÒd»¼·h®îT9ŽAµÖ>qÁçÔœtïÒ»\ȶÎîcÞäîó3¶@#ÉIÎ ÔñW.<´’¥–ÑÑ€ÕšA‚ ;†qÓë‚2q
ÒÂó$# Çí‡
!Ë}Õ9ÈÎÑÉã=;ŒÇÎuñ+ÉûÏ¥öíeÙ+$úíÜ娯'+êZH4ƒq¶FV‹gïŒ208ÆÌ)íб>M|÷âÍã¾"iì‹¥£Jd´™OÝç;sÈúr+ÜäˆË)DŒ¥šF°*3Õ”d{zÔwºQ¿·UžÉf†~>I+ŒqÔ`ð3œ“Ü×f]œTÁÔn4“ƒø’Ýßõ_«*5šzGCÊ,þ+ê1ò÷O¶¸cœºb2yÇ;cùÕ£ñh¬›áÑŠr¤ÝäNBk¥—á—†gxšX/쑘hŸ*Tçn =ûã¦2|(ð¿e·ºÖ$
ýìŸ!'åΰyîî+×öœ=Y:²¦ÓÞ×iü’—ü
-BK™£˜›âÆ¡&véðõ-ûÉY¹=Onj¹ø¯¯yf4·±T Pó`çœ7={×mÃ/¢˜ZÚòK…G½¥b„’G AãÜœ*í¯Ã¿ IoæI¦NU8‘RwÈã;·€ Û×ëÒ”1Y
•£E»ÿ Oyto¢<£Áö·šï,䉧ûA¼sû»Nò}¹üE{ÜÖªò1’õÞr0â}ÎØ#>à/8ïéÎ~—áÍ#ñÎlí§³2f'h”?C÷YËdð:qëõÓ·‚ïeÄ©
ÔÈØÜRL+žAÎ3¼g=åšó³Œt3
ÑQ¦ùRÙßE®¼±w_;þhš’Sirÿ ^ˆã¼iੇ|RòO„m°J/“$·l“ ÇÓ¿ÿ [ÑŠÆ“„†Õø>cFÆ6Ø1ƒ– àz7Ldòxäüwá‹ÝAXùO•Úý’é®ähm •NÀ±ÌTÈç
ƒ‘I$pGž:‚ÄbêW¢®œ´|¦nÍ>¶ÖÏ¢§ÎÜ¢ºö¹•%ÄqL^öÛKpNA<ã¡ …î==ª¸óffËF‡yÌcÉ ©ç$ð=ñÏYþÊ’Ú]—¥‚¬‚eDïÎH>Ÿ_ÌTP™a‰ch['çÆÜò7a‡?w°Ïn§âÎ5”’¨¹uÚÛ|´ÓÓc§{O—ü1•ªxsÃZ…ÊÏy¡Ã3¸Ë2Èé» ‘ƒÎ äžÜðA§cáOéúÛ4ý5-fŒï„ù¬ûô.Ç Üsž•Ò¾•wo<¶Ÿ"¬¡º|£
î2sÇ¡éE²ÉFѱrU°dÜ6œ¨ mc†Îxë׺Þ'0²¡Rr„{j¾í·è›µ÷)º·å–‹î2|I®Y¼ºÍË·–ÃÆàã£'óÆxƒOÆÞ&>\lóÌxP Xc¸ì Sþ5§qà/ê>#žÞW¸if$\3 ® ûÄ“ùŽÕê¾ð<Ó‹H¶óÏ" å·( á‘€:ã†8Ï=+ꨬUA×ÃËÚT’ÑÞöù¥¢]{»ms¥F0\ÑÕ—ô}&ÛB´ƒOŽÚ+›xíÄÀ1
,v± žIëíZ0ǧ™3í2®0ทp9öÝÔž)ÓZËoq/Ú“‘L ²ŒmùŽï‘Ó9§[Û#Ä‘\ÞB¬Çs [;à à«g‚2ôòªœÝV§»·¯/[uó½õÛï¾
/šÍ}öüÿ «=x»HŸÂÞ.™ ÌQùŸh´‘#a$‚'¡u<Š›Æ>2>+ƒLSiöwµFó1!eg`£åœ ÷ëÛö}Á¿ÛVÙêv $¬ƒ|,s÷z€ð΃¨x÷ÅD\ÜŒÞmåÔ„ ˆ o| :{ÇÓ¶–òÁn!´0Ål€, ƒ ( ÛŒŒc¶rsšæ,4‹MÛOH!@¢ ÇŽ„`å²9ÝÃw;AÍt0®¤¡…¯ØÄ.Àìí´ƒ‘ßñ5Í,Óëu-ÈÔc¢KÃÓ£òÖ̺U.õL¯0…%2È—"~x
‚[`có±nHàŽyàö™¥keˆìŒÛFç{(Ø©†`Jã#Žwg<“:ÚÉ;M
^\yhûX‡vB·÷zrF?§BÊÔ/s<ÐÈB)Û± ·ÍÔwç5Âã:så§e{mѤï«Òíh—]Wm4âí¿ùþW4bC3¶ª¾Ùr$pw`àädzt!yŠI„hÂîàM)!edŒm'æ>Ç?wzºKìcŒ´¯Ìq6fp$)ãw¡éUl`µ»ARAˆÝÕgr:äŒgƒéé[Ôö±”iYs5Ýï«ÙG—K=þF’æMG«óÿ `ŠKɦuOQ!ÕåŒ/ÎGÞ`@ËqÕzdõâ«Ê/Ö(ƒK´%ŽbMüåÜŸö—>¤óŒŒV‘°„I¢Yž#™¥ùÏÊ@8
œgqöö5ª4vד[¬(q cò¨À!FGaÁõõ¯?§†¥ÏU½í¿WªZ$úyú½Žz×§Éþ?>Ã×È•6°{™™ŽÙ.$`ÎUœ…çè ' ¤r$1Ø(y7 ðV<ž:È ÁÎMw¾Â'Øb§øxb7gãО½óÉÊë²,i„Fȹ£§8ãä½k¹¥¦ê/ç{ïê驪2œ/«ü?¯Ô›ìñÜ$þeýœRIåŒg9Ác’zrrNO bÚi¢
ѺË/$,“ª¯Ýä;Œ× ´<ÛÑn³IvŸb™¥ nm–ÄŸ—nÝÀãŽ3ëÍG,.öó³˜Ù£¹uÊÌrŠ[<±!@Æ:c9ÅZh
ì’M5ÄìÌ-‚¼ëÉùqŽGì9¬á ;¨A-ž—évþÖ–^ON·Ô”ŸEý}ú×PO&e[]ÒG¸˜Ûp ƒÃà/Ë·8ûÀ€1ž@¿ÚB*²¼ñì8@p™8Q“žÆH'8«I-%¸‚
F»“åó6°Uù|¶Ú¸ã ò^Äw¥ŠÖK–1ÜÝK,Žddlí²0PÀü“×ükG…¯U«·¶–´w¶ŽÍ¾©yÞú[Zös•¯Á[™6°
¨¼ÉVæq·,#
ìãï‘×8îry®A››¨,ãc66»Ë´ã'æÉù?t}¢æH--Òá"›|ˆ¬[í 7¶ö#¸9«––‹$,+Ëqœ\Êøc€yê^ݸÄa°«™B-9%«×®‹V´w~vÜTéꢷþ¼ˆ%·¹• ’[xç•÷2gØS?6åÀÚ õ9É#š@÷bT¸º²C*3Bá¤òÎA9 =úU§Ó"2Ãlá0iÝIc‚2Î@%öç94ùô»'»HÄ¥Ô¾@à Tp£šíx:úÊ:5eºßMý×wµ›Ó_+šº3Ýyvÿ "ºÇ<ÂI>Õ1G·Ë«È«É# àÈÇ øp Jv·šæDûE¿›†Ë’NFr2qŸ½ÇAÜšu•´éí#Ħ8£2”Ú2Ã/€[ÎTr;qŠz*ý’Îþ(≠;¡TÆâ›;ºÿ àçœk‘Þ8¾Uª¾íé{^×IZéwÓkXÉûÑZo¯_øo×È¡¬ â–ÞR§2„‚Àœü½ùç® SVa†Âüª¼±D‘ŒísŸàä|ä2 æ[‹z”¯s{wn„ÆmáóCO+†GO8Ïeçåº`¯^¼ðG5f{Xžä,k‰<á y™¥voÆ éÛõëI=œ1‹éíÔÀÑ)R#;AÂncäŽ:tÏ#¶TkB.0Œ-ÖÞZÛgumß}fÎJÉ+#2êÔP£žùÈÅi¢%œ3P*Yƒò‚A쓎2r:ƒÐúñiRUQq‰H9!”={~¼“JŽV¥»×²m.ÛߺiYl¾òk˜gL³·rT•
’…wHÁ6ä`–Î3ùÌ4Øe³†&òL‘•%clyîAÂäà0 žüç$[3uŘpNOÀÉ=† cï{rYK
ååä~FÁ
•a»"Lär1Ó¯2Äõæ<™C•.fÕ»è¥~½-¿g½Â4¡{[ør¨¶·Žõäx¥’l®qpwÇ»8ärF \cޏܯÓ-g‚yciÏÀ¾rÎwèØÈ#o°Á9ã5¢šfÔxÞæfGusÏÌJÿ µ×œ/LtãÅT7²¶w,l
ɳ;”eúà·¨çîŒsÜgTÃS¦^ '~‹®›¯+k÷ZÖd©Æ*Ó[Ü«%Œk0ŽXƒ”$k#Ȩ P2bv‘ƒŸáÇ™ÆÕb)m$É*8óLE‘8'–ÜN Úyàúô+{uº±I'wvš4fÜr íì½=úuú
sFlìV$‘ö†HÑù€$§ õ=½¸«Ž]
:Ž+•¦ïmRþ½l´îÊT#nkiøÿ _ðÆT¶7Ò½ºÒ£Î¸d\ã8=yãŽÜäR{x]ZâÚé#¸r²#»ÎHÆ6õ ç® ÎFkr;sºÄ.&;só±Ç9êH÷ýSšÕtÐU¢-n Ì| vqœ„{gŒt§S.P‹’މ_[;m¥ÞZýRûÂX{+¥úü¼ú•-àÓ7!„G"“´‹žƒnrYXã¸îp éœ!ÓoPÌtÑ (‰Þ¹é€sÓ#GLçÕšÑnJý¡!‘Tä#“ß?îýp}xÇ‚I¥Õn#·¸–y'qó@r[ Êô÷<ÔWÃÓ¢áN¥4Ô’I&ݼ¬¬¼ÞºvéÆ
FQV~_ÒüJÖÚt¥¦Xá3BÄP^%ÈÎW-×c¡ú©¤·Iþèk¥š?–UQåIR[’O 5x\ÉhÆI¶K4«2ùªŠŒ<¼óœçØ`u«‚Í.VHä€ Ëgfx''9ÆI#±®Z8
sISºku¢ßÞ]úk»Jößl¡B.Ü»ÿ MWe
°·Ž%šêɆ¼»Âù³´œ O¿cÐÓÄh©"ÛÜÏ.ÖV’3nüÄmnq[ŒòznšÖ>J¬òˆæ…qýØP Ž:ä7^0yëWšÍ_79äoaÈ °#q0{ää×mœy”R{vÒÞ¶ÚÏe¥“ÚÆÐ¥Ì®—õýjR •íç›Ìb„+JyÜØÙ•Ç]¿Ôd þËOL²”9-Œ—õÃc'æÝלçÚ²ìejP“½
âù°¨†ðqòädЃÉäÖÜj÷PÇp“ÍšŠå«‘î
<iWNsmª»¶vÓz5»ûì:Rs\Ðßôû×uÔÿÙ