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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>18.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="18. 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Internet Data Handling</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-mailbox"> <h1>18.4. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">mailbox</tt></a> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats<a class="headerlink" href="#module-mailbox" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> This module defines two classes, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a>, for accessing and manipulating on-disk mailboxes and the messages they contain. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> offers a dictionary-like mapping from keys to messages. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> extends the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">email.message</tt></a> module’s <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> class with format-specific state and behavior. Supported mailbox formats are Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF. <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">email</tt></a></dt> <dd>Represent and manipulate messages.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="mailbox-objects"> <h2>18.4.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> objects<a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">Mailbox</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A mailbox, which may be inspected and modified. The <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> class defines an interface and is not intended to be instantiated. Instead, format-specific subclasses should inherit from <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> and your code should instantiate a particular subclass. The <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> interface is dictionary-like, with small keys corresponding to messages. Keys are issued by the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance with which they will be used and are only meaningful to that <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance. A key continues to identify a message even if the corresponding message is modified, such as by replacing it with another message. Messages may be added to a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance using the set-like method <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.add" title="mailbox.Mailbox.add"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">add()</tt></a> and removed using a <tt class="docutils literal">del</tt> statement or the set-like methods <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.remove" title="mailbox.Mailbox.remove"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">remove()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.discard" title="mailbox.Mailbox.discard"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">discard()</tt></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> interface semantics differ from dictionary semantics in some noteworthy ways. Each time a message is requested, a new representation (typically a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance) is generated based upon the current state of the mailbox. Similarly, when a message is added to a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance, the provided message representation’s contents are copied. In neither case is a reference to the message representation kept by the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance. The default <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> iterator iterates over message representations, not keys as the default dictionary iterator does. Moreover, modification of a mailbox during iteration is safe and well-defined. Messages added to the mailbox after an iterator is created will not be seen by the iterator. Messages removed from the mailbox before the iterator yields them will be silently skipped, though using a key from an iterator may result in a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception if the corresponding message is subsequently removed. <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Be very cautious when modifying mailboxes that might be simultaneously changed by some other process. The safest mailbox format to use for such tasks is Maildir; try to avoid using single-file formats such as mbox for concurrent writing. If you’re modifying a mailbox, you must lock it by calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.lock" title="mailbox.Mailbox.lock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">lock()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.unlock" title="mailbox.Mailbox.unlock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">unlock()</tt></a> methods before reading any messages in the file or making any changes by adding or deleting a message. Failing to lock the mailbox runs the risk of losing messages or corrupting the entire mailbox. </div> <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instances have the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.add"> <tt class="descname">add</tt><big>(</big>message<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Add message to the mailbox and return the key that has been assigned to it. Parameter message may be a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance, an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">email.message.Message</tt></a> instance, a string, or a file-like object (which should be open in text mode). If message is an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass (e.g., if it’s an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance and this is an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a> instance), its format-specific information is used. Otherwise, reasonable defaults for format-specific information are used. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.remove"> <tt class="descname">remove</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__delitem__"> <tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.discard"> <tt class="descname">discard</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.discard" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Delete the message corresponding to key from the mailbox. If no such message exists, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception is raised if the method was called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.remove" title="mailbox.Mailbox.remove"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">remove()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__delitem__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__delitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__delitem__()</tt></a> but no exception is raised if the method was called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.discard" title="mailbox.Mailbox.discard"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">discard()</tt></a>. The behavior of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.discard" title="mailbox.Mailbox.discard"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">discard()</tt></a> may be preferred if the underlying mailbox format supports concurrent modification by other processes. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__"> <tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt><big>(</big>key, message<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Replace the message corresponding to key with message. Raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception if no message already corresponds to key. As with <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.add" title="mailbox.Mailbox.add"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">add()</tt></a>, parameter message may be a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance, an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">email.message.Message</tt></a> instance, a string, or a file-like object (which should be open in text mode). If message is an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass (e.g., if it’s an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance and this is an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a> instance), its format-specific information is used. Otherwise, the format-specific information of the message that currently corresponds to key is left unchanged. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.iterkeys"> <tt class="descname">iterkeys</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.iterkeys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.keys"> <tt class="descname">keys</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an iterator over all keys if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.iterkeys" title="mailbox.Mailbox.iterkeys"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">iterkeys()</tt></a> or return a list of keys if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.keys" title="mailbox.Mailbox.keys"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">keys()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.itervalues"> <tt class="descname">itervalues</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.itervalues" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__"> <tt class="descname">__iter__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.values"> <tt class="descname">values</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.values" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an iterator over representations of all messages if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.itervalues" title="mailbox.Mailbox.itervalues"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">itervalues()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__iter__()</tt></a> or return a list of such representations if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.values" title="mailbox.Mailbox.values"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">values()</tt></a>. The messages are represented as instances of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance was initialized. <div class="admonition note"> Note The behavior of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__iter__()</tt></a> is unlike that of dictionaries, which iterate over keys. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.iteritems"> <tt class="descname">iteritems</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.iteritems" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.items"> <tt class="descname">items</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an iterator over (key, message) pairs, where key is a key and message is a message representation, if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.iteritems" title="mailbox.Mailbox.iteritems"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">iteritems()</tt></a> or return a list of such pairs if called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.items" title="mailbox.Mailbox.items"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">items()</tt></a>. The messages are represented as instances of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance was initialized. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.get"> <tt class="descname">get</tt><big>(</big>key, default=None<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__getitem__"> <tt class="descname">__getitem__</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a representation of the message corresponding to key. If no such message exists, default is returned if the method was called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.get" title="mailbox.Mailbox.get"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">get()</tt></a> and a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception is raised if the method was called as <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__getitem__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__getitem__()</tt></a>. The message is represented as an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance was initialized. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.get_message"> <tt class="descname">get_message</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.get_message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a representation of the message corresponding to key as an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass, or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception if no such message exists. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.get_string"> <tt class="descname">get_string</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.get_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string representation of the message corresponding to key, or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception if no such message exists. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a file-like representation of the message corresponding to key, or raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception if no such message exists. The file-like object behaves as if open in binary mode. This file should be closed once it is no longer needed. <div class="admonition note"> Note Unlike other representations of messages, file-like representations are not necessarily independent of the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance that created them or of the underlying mailbox. More specific documentation is provided by each subclass. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.has_key"> <tt class="descname">has_key</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.has_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__contains__"> <tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> if key corresponds to a message, <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt> otherwise. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.__len__"> <tt class="descname">__len__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__len__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a count of messages in the mailbox. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.clear"> <tt class="descname">clear</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Delete all messages from the mailbox. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.pop"> <tt class="descname">pop</tt><big>(</big>key[, default]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.pop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a representation of the message corresponding to key and delete the message. If no such message exists, return default if it was supplied or else raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception. The message is represented as an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance was initialized. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.popitem"> <tt class="descname">popitem</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.popitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an arbitrary (key, message) pair, where key is a key and message is a message representation, and delete the corresponding message. If the mailbox is empty, raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception. The message is represented as an instance of the appropriate format-specific <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance was initialized. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.update"> <tt class="descname">update</tt><big>(</big>arg<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Parameter arg should be a key-to-message mapping or an iterable of (key, message) pairs. Updates the mailbox so that, for each given key and message, the message corresponding to key is set to message as if by using <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__setitem__()</tt></a>. As with <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__" title="mailbox.Mailbox.__setitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">__setitem__()</tt></a>, each key must already correspond to a message in the mailbox or else a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">KeyError</tt></a> exception will be raised, so in general it is incorrect for arg to be a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance. <div class="admonition note"> Note Unlike with dictionaries, keyword arguments are not supported. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.flush"> <tt class="descname">flush</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Write any pending changes to the filesystem. For some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> subclasses, changes are always written immediately and <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.flush" title="mailbox.Mailbox.flush"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">flush()</tt></a> does nothing, but you should still make a habit of calling this method. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Acquire an exclusive advisory lock on the mailbox so that other processes know not to modify it. An <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.ExternalClashError" title="mailbox.ExternalClashError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ExternalClashError</tt></a> is raised if the lock is not available. The particular locking mechanisms used depend upon the mailbox format. You should always lock the mailbox before making any modifications to its contents. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Release the lock on the mailbox, if any. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Mailbox.close"> <tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Mailbox.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Flush the mailbox, unlock it if necessary, and close any open files. For some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> subclasses, this method does nothing. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="maildir"> <h3>18.4.1.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#maildir" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">Maildir</tt><big>(</big>dirname, factory=rfc822.Message, create=True<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> for mailboxes in Maildir format. Parameter factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If factory is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> is used as the default message representation. If create is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the mailbox is created if it does not exist. It is for historical reasons that factory defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#rfc822.Message" title="rfc822.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">rfc822.Message</tt></a> and that dirname is named as such rather than path. For a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> instance that behaves like instances of other <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> subclasses, set factory to <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. Maildir is a directory-based mailbox format invented for the qmail mail transfer agent and now widely supported by other programs. Messages in a Maildir mailbox are stored in separate files within a common directory structure. This design allows Maildir mailboxes to be accessed and modified by multiple unrelated programs without data corruption, so file locking is unnecessary. Maildir mailboxes contain three subdirectories, namely: <tt class="file docutils literal">tmp</tt>, <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt>, and <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt>. Messages are created momentarily in the <tt class="file docutils literal">tmp</tt> subdirectory and then moved to the <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt> subdirectory to finalize delivery. A mail user agent may subsequently move the message to the <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt> subdirectory and store information about the state of the message in a special “info” section appended to its file name. Folders of the style introduced by the Courier mail transfer agent are also supported. Any subdirectory of the main mailbox is considered a folder if <tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt> is the first character in its name. Folder names are represented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> without the leading <tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt>. Each folder is itself a Maildir mailbox but should not contain other folders. Instead, a logical nesting is indicated using <tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt> to delimit levels, e.g., “Archived.2005.07”. <div class="admonition note"> Note The Maildir specification requires the use of a colon (<tt class="docutils literal">':'</tt>) in certain message file names. However, some operating systems do not permit this character in file names, If you wish to use a Maildir-like format on such an operating system, you should specify another character to use instead. The exclamation point (<tt class="docutils literal">'!'</tt>) is a popular choice. For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import mailbox mailbox.Maildir.colon = '!' </pre></div> </div> The <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">colon</tt> attribute may also be set on a per-instance basis. </div> <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> instances have all of the methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> in addition to the following: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.list_folders"> <tt class="descname">list_folders</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.list_folders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a list of the names of all folders. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.get_folder"> <tt class="descname">get_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.get_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> instance representing the folder whose name is folder. A <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError" title="mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NoSuchMailboxError</tt></a> exception is raised if the folder does not exist. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.add_folder"> <tt class="descname">add_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.add_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Create a folder whose name is folder and return a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> instance representing it. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.remove_folder"> <tt class="descname">remove_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.remove_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Delete the folder whose name is folder. If the folder contains any messages, a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.NotEmptyError" title="mailbox.NotEmptyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NotEmptyError</tt></a> exception will be raised and the folder will not be deleted. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.clean"> <tt class="descname">clean</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.clean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Delete temporary files from the mailbox that have not been accessed in the last 36 hours. The Maildir specification says that mail-reading programs should do this occasionally. </dd></dl> Some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> methods implemented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> deserve special remarks: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.add"> <tt class="descname">add</tt><big>(</big>message<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.__setitem__"> <tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt><big>(</big>key, message<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.update"> <tt class="descname">update</tt><big>(</big>arg<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.update" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><div class="admonition warning"> Warning These methods generate unique file names based upon the current process ID. When using multiple threads, undetected name clashes may occur and cause corruption of the mailbox unless threads are coordinated to avoid using these methods to manipulate the same mailbox simultaneously. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.flush"> <tt class="descname">flush</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>All changes to Maildir mailboxes are immediately applied, so this method does nothing. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Maildir mailboxes do not support (or require) locking, so these methods do nothing. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.close"> <tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> instances do not keep any open files and the underlying mailboxes do not support locking, so this method does nothing. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Maildir.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Maildir.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Depending upon the host platform, it may not be possible to modify or remove the underlying message while the returned file remains open. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html">maildir man page from qmail</a></dt> <dd>The original specification of the format.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html">Using maildir format</a></dt> <dd>Notes on Maildir by its inventor. Includes an updated name-creation scheme and details on “info” semantics.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.courier-mta.org/maildir.html">maildir man page from Courier</a></dt> <dd>Another specification of the format. Describes a common extension for supporting folders.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="mbox"> <h3>18.4.1.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mbox" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.mbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">mbox</tt><big>(</big>path, factory=None, create=True<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> for mailboxes in mbox format. Parameter factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If factory is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> is used as the default message representation. If create is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the mailbox is created if it does not exist. The mbox format is the classic format for storing mail on Unix systems. All messages in an mbox mailbox are stored in a single file with the beginning of each message indicated by a line whose first five characters are “From ”. Several variations of the mbox format exist to address perceived shortcomings in the original. In the interest of compatibility, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a> implements the original format, which is sometimes referred to as mboxo. This means that the Content-Length header, if present, is ignored and that any occurrences of “From ” at the beginning of a line in a message body are transformed to “>From ” when storing the message, although occurrences of “>From ” are not transformed to “From ” when reading the message. Some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> methods implemented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a> deserve special remarks: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mbox.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mbox.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Using the file after calling <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">flush()</tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">close()</tt> on the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mbox" title="mailbox.mbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mbox</tt></a> instance may yield unpredictable results or raise an exception. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mbox.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mbox.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.mbox.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mbox.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Three locking mechanisms are used—dot locking and, if available, the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">flock()</tt> and <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">lockf()</tt> system calls. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/mbox.html">mbox man page from qmail</a></dt> <dd>A specification of the format and its variations.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.tin.org/bin/man.cgi?section=5&topic=mbox">mbox man page from tin</a></dt> <dd>Another specification of the format, with details on locking.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">Configuring Netscape Mail on Unix: Why The Content-Length Format is Bad</a></dt> <dd>An argument for using the original mbox format rather than a variation.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://homepages.tesco.net./~J.deBoynePollard/FGA/mail-mbox-formats.html">“mbox” is a family of several mutually incompatible mailbox formats</a></dt> <dd>A history of mbox variations.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="mh"> <h3>18.4.1.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mh" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MH"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MH</tt><big>(</big>path, factory=None, create=True<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> for mailboxes in MH format. Parameter factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If factory is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> is used as the default message representation. If create is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the mailbox is created if it does not exist. MH is a directory-based mailbox format invented for the MH Message Handling System, a mail user agent. Each message in an MH mailbox resides in its own file. An MH mailbox may contain other MH mailboxes (called folders) in addition to messages. Folders may be nested indefinitely. MH mailboxes also support sequences, which are named lists used to logically group messages without moving them to sub-folders. Sequences are defined in a file called <tt class="file docutils literal">.mh_sequences</tt> in each folder. The <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> class manipulates MH mailboxes, but it does not attempt to emulate all of mh‘s behaviors. In particular, it does not modify and is not affected by the <tt class="file docutils literal">context</tt> or <tt class="file docutils literal">.mh_profile</tt> files that are used by mh to store its state and configuration. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> instances have all of the methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> in addition to the following: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.list_folders"> <tt class="descname">list_folders</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.list_folders" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a list of the names of all folders. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.get_folder"> <tt class="descname">get_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.get_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> instance representing the folder whose name is folder. A <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError" title="mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NoSuchMailboxError</tt></a> exception is raised if the folder does not exist. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.add_folder"> <tt class="descname">add_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.add_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Create a folder whose name is folder and return an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> instance representing it. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.remove_folder"> <tt class="descname">remove_folder</tt><big>(</big>folder<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.remove_folder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Delete the folder whose name is folder. If the folder contains any messages, a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.NotEmptyError" title="mailbox.NotEmptyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">NotEmptyError</tt></a> exception will be raised and the folder will not be deleted. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.get_sequences"> <tt class="descname">get_sequences</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.get_sequences" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a dictionary of sequence names mapped to key lists. If there are no sequences, the empty dictionary is returned. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.set_sequences"> <tt class="descname">set_sequences</tt><big>(</big>sequences<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.set_sequences" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Re-define the sequences that exist in the mailbox based upon sequences, a dictionary of names mapped to key lists, like returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH.get_sequences" title="mailbox.MH.get_sequences"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">get_sequences()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.pack"> <tt class="descname">pack</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.pack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Rename messages in the mailbox as necessary to eliminate gaps in numbering. Entries in the sequences list are updated correspondingly. <div class="admonition note"> Note Already-issued keys are invalidated by this operation and should not be subsequently used. </div> </dd></dl> Some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> methods implemented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> deserve special remarks: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.remove"> <tt class="descname">remove</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.remove" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.MH.__delitem__"> <tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.MH.discard"> <tt class="descname">discard</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.discard" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>These methods immediately delete the message. The MH convention of marking a message for deletion by prepending a comma to its name is not used. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.MH.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Three locking mechanisms are used—dot locking and, if available, the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">flock()</tt> and <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">lockf()</tt> system calls. For MH mailboxes, locking the mailbox means locking the <tt class="file docutils literal">.mh_sequences</tt> file and, only for the duration of any operations that affect them, locking individual message files. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Depending upon the host platform, it may not be possible to remove the underlying message while the returned file remains open. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.flush"> <tt class="descname">flush</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.flush" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>All changes to MH mailboxes are immediately applied, so this method does nothing. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MH.close"> <tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MH.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> instances do not keep any open files, so this method is equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH.unlock" title="mailbox.MH.unlock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">unlock()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/">nmh - Message Handling System</a></dt> <dd>Home page of nmh, an updated version of the original mh.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/">MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers</a></dt> <dd>A GPL-licensed book on mh and nmh, with some information on the mailbox format.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="babyl"> <h3>18.4.1.4. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Babyl" title="mailbox.Babyl"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Babyl</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#babyl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.Babyl"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">Babyl</tt><big>(</big>path, factory=None, create=True<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Babyl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> for mailboxes in Babyl format. Parameter factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If factory is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> is used as the default message representation. If create is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the mailbox is created if it does not exist. Babyl is a single-file mailbox format used by the Rmail mail user agent included with Emacs. The beginning of a message is indicated by a line containing the two characters Control-Underscore (<tt class="docutils literal">'\037'</tt>) and Control-L (<tt class="docutils literal">'\014'</tt>). The end of a message is indicated by the start of the next message or, in the case of the last message, a line containing a Control-Underscore (<tt class="docutils literal">'\037'</tt>) character. Messages in a Babyl mailbox have two sets of headers, original headers and so-called visible headers. Visible headers are typically a subset of the original headers that have been reformatted or abridged to be more attractive. Each message in a Babyl mailbox also has an accompanying list of labels, or short strings that record extra information about the message, and a list of all user-defined labels found in the mailbox is kept in the Babyl options section. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Babyl" title="mailbox.Babyl"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Babyl</tt></a> instances have all of the methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> in addition to the following: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Babyl.get_labels"> <tt class="descname">get_labels</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Babyl.get_labels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a list of the names of all user-defined labels used in the mailbox. <div class="admonition note"> Note The actual messages are inspected to determine which labels exist in the mailbox rather than consulting the list of labels in the Babyl options section, but the Babyl section is updated whenever the mailbox is modified. </div> </dd></dl> Some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> methods implemented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Babyl" title="mailbox.Babyl"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Babyl</tt></a> deserve special remarks: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Babyl.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Babyl.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>In Babyl mailboxes, the headers of a message are not stored contiguously with the body of the message. To generate a file-like representation, the headers and body are copied together into a <a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#module-StringIO" title="StringIO: Read and write strings as if they were files."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">StringIO</tt></a> instance (from the <a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#module-StringIO" title="StringIO: Read and write strings as if they were files."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">StringIO</tt></a> module), which has an API identical to that of a file. As a result, the file-like object is truly independent of the underlying mailbox but does not save memory compared to a string representation. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.Babyl.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Babyl.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.Babyl.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Babyl.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Three locking mechanisms are used—dot locking and, if available, the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">flock()</tt> and <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">lockf()</tt> system calls. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL">Format of Version 5 Babyl Files</a></dt> <dd>A specification of the Babyl format.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html">Reading Mail with Rmail</a></dt> <dd>The Rmail manual, with some information on Babyl semantics.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="mmdf"> <h3>18.4.1.5. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDF" title="mailbox.MMDF"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDF</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mmdf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDF"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MMDF</tt><big>(</big>path, factory=None, create=True<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> for mailboxes in MMDF format. Parameter factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If factory is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> is used as the default message representation. If create is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the mailbox is created if it does not exist. MMDF is a single-file mailbox format invented for the Multichannel Memorandum Distribution Facility, a mail transfer agent. Each message is in the same form as an mbox message but is bracketed before and after by lines containing four Control-A (<tt class="docutils literal">'\001'</tt>) characters. As with the mbox format, the beginning of each message is indicated by a line whose first five characters are “From ”, but additional occurrences of “From ” are not transformed to “>From ” when storing messages because the extra message separator lines prevent mistaking such occurrences for the starts of subsequent messages. Some <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> methods implemented by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDF" title="mailbox.MMDF"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDF</tt></a> deserve special remarks: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDF.get_file"> <tt class="descname">get_file</tt><big>(</big>key<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDF.get_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Using the file after calling <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">flush()</tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">close()</tt> on the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDF" title="mailbox.MMDF"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDF</tt></a> instance may yield unpredictable results or raise an exception. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDF.lock"> <tt class="descname">lock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDF.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="mailbox.MMDF.unlock"> <tt class="descname">unlock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDF.unlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Three locking mechanisms are used—dot locking and, if available, the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">flock()</tt> and <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">lockf()</tt> system calls. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.tin.org/bin/man.cgi?section=5&topic=mmdf">mmdf man page from tin</a></dt> <dd>A specification of MMDF format from the documentation of tin, a newsreader.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDF">MMDF</a></dt> <dd>A Wikipedia article describing the Multichannel Memorandum Distribution Facility.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="message-objects"> <h2>18.4.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> objects<a class="headerlink" href="#message-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.Message"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">Message</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Message" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A subclass of the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">email.message</tt></a> module’s <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a>. Subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mailbox.Message</tt></a> add mailbox-format-specific state and behavior. If message is omitted, the new instance is created in a default, empty state. If message is an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">email.message.Message</tt></a> instance, its contents are copied; furthermore, any format-specific information is converted insofar as possible if message is a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance. If message is a string or a file, it should contain an <a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html">RFC 2822</a>-compliant message, which is read and parsed. The format-specific state and behaviors offered by subclasses vary, but in general it is only the properties that are not specific to a particular mailbox that are supported (although presumably the properties are specific to a particular mailbox format). For example, file offsets for single-file mailbox formats and file names for directory-based mailbox formats are not retained, because they are only applicable to the original mailbox. But state such as whether a message has been read by the user or marked as important is retained, because it applies to the message itself. There is no requirement that <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instances be used to represent messages retrieved using <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instances. In some situations, the time and memory required to generate <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> representations might not be acceptable. For such situations, <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instances also offer string and file-like representations, and a custom message factory may be specified when a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> instance is initialized. </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="maildirmessage"> <h3>18.4.2.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#maildirmessage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MaildirMessage</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A message with Maildir-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> constructor. Typically, a mail user agent application moves all of the messages in the <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt> subdirectory to the <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt> subdirectory after the first time the user opens and closes the mailbox, recording that the messages are old whether or not they’ve actually been read. Each message in <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt> has an “info” section added to its file name to store information about its state. (Some mail readers may also add an “info” section to messages in <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt>.) The “info” section may take one of two forms: it may contain “2,” followed by a list of standardized flags (e.g., “2,FR”) or it may contain “1,” followed by so-called experimental information. Standard flags for Maildir messages are as follows: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="13%" /> <col width="19%" /> <col width="68%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Flag</th> <th class="head">Meaning</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>D</td> <td>Draft</td> <td>Under composition</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F</td> <td>Flagged</td> <td>Marked as important</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>P</td> <td>Passed</td> <td>Forwarded, resent, or bounced</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>R</td> <td>Replied</td> <td>Replied to</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>S</td> <td>Seen</td> <td>Read</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>T</td> <td>Trashed</td> <td>Marked for subsequent deletion</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instances offer the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_subdir"> <tt class="descname">get_subdir</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_subdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return either “new” (if the message should be stored in the <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt> subdirectory) or “cur” (if the message should be stored in the <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt> subdirectory). <div class="admonition note"> Note A message is typically moved from <tt class="file docutils literal">new</tt> to <tt class="file docutils literal">cur</tt> after its mailbox has been accessed, whether or not the message is has been read. A message <tt class="docutils literal">msg</tt> has been read if <tt class="docutils literal">"S" in msg.get_flags()</tt> is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_subdir"> <tt class="descname">set_subdir</tt><big>(</big>subdir<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_subdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the subdirectory the message should be stored in. Parameter subdir must be either “new” or “cur”. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_flags"> <tt class="descname">get_flags</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the standard Maildir format, the result is the concatenation in alphabetical order of zero or one occurrence of each of <tt class="docutils literal">'D'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'F'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'P'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'R'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'S'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'T'</tt>. The empty string is returned if no flags are set or if “info” contains experimental semantics. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_flags"> <tt class="descname">set_flags</tt><big>(</big>flags<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flags specified by flags and unset all others. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.add_flag"> <tt class="descname">add_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.add_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, flag may be a string of more than one character. The current “info” is overwritten whether or not it contains experimental information rather than flags. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.remove_flag"> <tt class="descname">remove_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.remove_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Unset the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, flag maybe a string of more than one character. If “info” contains experimental information rather than flags, the current “info” is not modified. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_date"> <tt class="descname">get_date</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the delivery date of the message as a floating-point number representing seconds since the epoch. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_date"> <tt class="descname">set_date</tt><big>(</big>date<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_date" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the delivery date of the message to date, a floating-point number representing seconds since the epoch. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_info"> <tt class="descname">get_info</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.get_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string containing the “info” for a message. This is useful for accessing and modifying “info” that is experimental (i.e., not a list of flags). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_info"> <tt class="descname">set_info</tt><big>(</big>info<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage.set_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set “info” to info, which should be a string. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance, the Status and X-Status headers are omitted and the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="30%" /> <col width="70%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“cur” subdirectory</td> <td>O flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F flag</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag</td> <td>A flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>S flag</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>T flag</td> <td>D flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="54%" /> <col width="46%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“cur” subdirectory</td> <td>“unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“cur” subdirectory and S flag</td> <td>no “unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>F flag</td> <td>“flagged” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>R flag</td> <td>“replied” sequence</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="50%" /> <col width="50%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“cur” subdirectory</td> <td>“unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“cur” subdirectory and S flag</td> <td>no “unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>P flag</td> <td>“forwarded” or “resent” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>R flag</td> <td>“answered” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>T flag</td> <td>“deleted” label</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="mboxmessage"> <h3>18.4.2.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mboxmessage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">mboxMessage</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A message with mbox-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> constructor. Messages in an mbox mailbox are stored together in a single file. The sender’s envelope address and the time of delivery are typically stored in a line beginning with “From ” that is used to indicate the start of a message, though there is considerable variation in the exact format of this data among mbox implementations. Flags that indicate the state of the message, such as whether it has been read or marked as important, are typically stored in Status and X-Status headers. Conventional flags for mbox messages are as follows: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="13%" /> <col width="21%" /> <col width="67%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Flag</th> <th class="head">Meaning</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R</td> <td>Read</td> <td>Read</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O</td> <td>Old</td> <td>Previously detected by MUA</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D</td> <td>Deleted</td> <td>Marked for subsequent deletion</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F</td> <td>Flagged</td> <td>Marked as important</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A</td> <td>Answered</td> <td>Replied to</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The “R” and “O” flags are stored in the Status header, and the “D”, “F”, and “A” flags are stored in the X-Status header. The flags and headers typically appear in the order mentioned. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instances offer the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.get_from"> <tt class="descname">get_from</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.get_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string representing the “From ” line that marks the start of the message in an mbox mailbox. The leading “From ” and the trailing newline are excluded. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.set_from"> <tt class="descname">set_from</tt><big>(</big>from_, time_=None<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.set_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the “From ” line to from_, which should be specified without a leading “From ” or trailing newline. For convenience, time_ may be specified and will be formatted appropriately and appended to from_. If time_ is specified, it should be a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">struct_time</tt> instance, a tuple suitable for passing to <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.strftime" title="time.strftime"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">time.strftime()</tt></a>, or <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> (to use <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.gmtime" title="time.gmtime"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">time.gmtime()</tt></a>). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.get_flags"> <tt class="descname">get_flags</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.get_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the conventional format, the result is the concatenation in the following order of zero or one occurrence of each of <tt class="docutils literal">'R'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'O'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'D'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'F'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'A'</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.set_flags"> <tt class="descname">set_flags</tt><big>(</big>flags<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.set_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flags specified by flags and unset all others. Parameter flags should be the concatenation in any order of zero or more occurrences of each of <tt class="docutils literal">'R'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'O'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'D'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'F'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'A'</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.add_flag"> <tt class="descname">add_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.add_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, flag may be a string of more than one character. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.mboxMessage.remove_flag"> <tt class="descname">remove_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage.remove_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Unset the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, flag maybe a string of more than one character. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance, a “From ” line is generated based upon the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance’s delivery date, and the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="35%" /> <col width="65%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag</td> <td>S flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“cur” subdirectory</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>T flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F flag</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A flag</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="42%" /> <col width="58%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag and O flag</td> <td>no “unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>F flag</td> <td>“flagged” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>A flag</td> <td>“replied” sequence</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="40%" /> <col width="60%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag and O flag</td> <td>no “unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>“deleted” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>A flag</td> <td>“answered” label</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance, the “From ” line is copied and all flags directly correspond: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="38%" /> <col width="62%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>O flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>D flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F flag</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A flag</td> <td>A flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="mhmessage"> <h3>18.4.2.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mhmessage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMessage"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MHMessage</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A message with MH-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> constructor. MH messages do not support marks or flags in the traditional sense, but they do support sequences, which are logical groupings of arbitrary messages. Some mail reading programs (although not the standard mh and nmh) use sequences in much the same way flags are used with other formats, as follows: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="19%" /> <col width="81%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Sequence</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>unseen</td> <td>Not read, but previously detected by MUA</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>replied</td> <td>Replied to</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>flagged</td> <td>Marked as important</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instances offer the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMessage.get_sequences"> <tt class="descname">get_sequences</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMessage.get_sequences" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a list of the names of sequences that include this message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMessage.set_sequences"> <tt class="descname">set_sequences</tt><big>(</big>sequences<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMessage.set_sequences" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the list of sequences that include this message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMessage.add_sequence"> <tt class="descname">add_sequence</tt><big>(</big>sequence<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMessage.add_sequence" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Add sequence to the list of sequences that include this message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMessage.remove_sequence"> <tt class="descname">remove_sequence</tt><big>(</big>sequence<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMessage.remove_sequence" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Remove sequence from the list of sequences that include this message. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="39%" /> <col width="61%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” sequence</td> <td>no S flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“replied” sequence</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>“flagged” sequence</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance, the Status and X-Status headers are omitted and the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="30%" /> <col width="70%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” sequence</td> <td>no R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“replied” sequence</td> <td>A flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>“flagged” sequence</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="41%" /> <col width="59%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” sequence</td> <td>“unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“replied” sequence</td> <td>“answered” label</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="babylmessage"> <h3>18.4.2.4. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#babylmessage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">BabylMessage</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A message with Babyl-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> constructor. Certain message labels, called attributes, are defined by convention to have special meanings. The attributes are as follows: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="21%" /> <col width="79%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Label</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>unseen</td> <td>Not read, but previously detected by MUA</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>deleted</td> <td>Marked for subsequent deletion</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>filed</td> <td>Copied to another file or mailbox</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>answered</td> <td>Replied to</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>forwarded</td> <td>Forwarded</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>edited</td> <td>Modified by the user</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>resent</td> <td>Resent</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> By default, Rmail displays only visible headers. The <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> class, though, uses the original headers because they are more complete. Visible headers may be accessed explicitly if desired. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instances offer the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.get_labels"> <tt class="descname">get_labels</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.get_labels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a list of labels on the message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.set_labels"> <tt class="descname">set_labels</tt><big>(</big>labels<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.set_labels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the list of labels on the message to labels. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.add_label"> <tt class="descname">add_label</tt><big>(</big>label<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.add_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Add label to the list of labels on the message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.remove_label"> <tt class="descname">remove_label</tt><big>(</big>label<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.remove_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Remove label from the list of labels on the message. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.get_visible"> <tt class="descname">get_visible</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.get_visible" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance whose headers are the message’s visible headers and whose body is empty. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.set_visible"> <tt class="descname">set_visible</tt><big>(</big>visible<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.set_visible" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the message’s visible headers to be the same as the headers in message. Parameter visible should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> instance, an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">email.message.Message</tt></a> instance, a string, or a file-like object (which should be open in text mode). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMessage.update_visible"> <tt class="descname">update_visible</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage.update_visible" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance’s original headers are modified, the visible headers are not automatically modified to correspond. This method updates the visible headers as follows: each visible header with a corresponding original header is set to the value of the original header, each visible header without a corresponding original header is removed, and any of Date, From, Reply-To, To, CC, and Subject that are present in the original headers but not the visible headers are added to the visible headers. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="38%" /> <col width="62%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” label</td> <td>no S flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“deleted” label</td> <td>T flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>“answered” label</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“forwarded” label</td> <td>P flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance, the Status and X-Status headers are omitted and the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="28%" /> <col width="72%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” label</td> <td>no R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“deleted” label</td> <td>D flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>“answered” label</td> <td>A flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="41%" /> <col width="59%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>“unseen” label</td> <td>“unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>“answered” label</td> <td>“replied” sequence</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="section" id="mmdfmessage"> <h3>18.4.2.5. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#mmdfmessage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MMDFMessage</tt><big>(</big>[message]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A message with MMDF-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Message" title="mailbox.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Message</tt></a> constructor. As with message in an mbox mailbox, MMDF messages are stored with the sender’s address and the delivery date in an initial line beginning with “From ”. Likewise, flags that indicate the state of the message are typically stored in Status and X-Status headers. Conventional flags for MMDF messages are identical to those of mbox message and are as follows: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="13%" /> <col width="21%" /> <col width="67%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Flag</th> <th class="head">Meaning</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R</td> <td>Read</td> <td>Read</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O</td> <td>Old</td> <td>Previously detected by MUA</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D</td> <td>Deleted</td> <td>Marked for subsequent deletion</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F</td> <td>Flagged</td> <td>Marked as important</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A</td> <td>Answered</td> <td>Replied to</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The “R” and “O” flags are stored in the Status header, and the “D”, “F”, and “A” flags are stored in the X-Status header. The flags and headers typically appear in the order mentioned. <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instances offer the following methods, which are identical to those offered by <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a>: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.get_from"> <tt class="descname">get_from</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.get_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string representing the “From ” line that marks the start of the message in an mbox mailbox. The leading “From ” and the trailing newline are excluded. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.set_from"> <tt class="descname">set_from</tt><big>(</big>from_, time_=None<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.set_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the “From ” line to from_, which should be specified without a leading “From ” or trailing newline. For convenience, time_ may be specified and will be formatted appropriately and appended to from_. If time_ is specified, it should be a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">struct_time</tt> instance, a tuple suitable for passing to <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.strftime" title="time.strftime"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">time.strftime()</tt></a>, or <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> (to use <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.gmtime" title="time.gmtime"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">time.gmtime()</tt></a>). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.get_flags"> <tt class="descname">get_flags</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.get_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the conventional format, the result is the concatenation in the following order of zero or one occurrence of each of <tt class="docutils literal">'R'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'O'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'D'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'F'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'A'</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.set_flags"> <tt class="descname">set_flags</tt><big>(</big>flags<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.set_flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flags specified by flags and unset all others. Parameter flags should be the concatenation in any order of zero or more occurrences of each of <tt class="docutils literal">'R'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'O'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'D'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'F'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'A'</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.add_flag"> <tt class="descname">add_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.add_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, flag may be a string of more than one character. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.MMDFMessage.remove_flag"> <tt class="descname">remove_flag</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage.remove_flag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Unset the flag(s) specified by flag without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, flag maybe a string of more than one character. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance, a “From ” line is generated based upon the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> instance’s delivery date, and the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="35%" /> <col width="65%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MaildirMessage" title="mailbox.MaildirMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag</td> <td>S flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“cur” subdirectory</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>T flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F flag</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A flag</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="42%" /> <col width="58%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MHMessage" title="mailbox.MHMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag and O flag</td> <td>no “unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“unseen” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>F flag</td> <td>“flagged” sequence</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>A flag</td> <td>“replied” sequence</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> instance, the following conversions take place: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="40%" /> <col width="60%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMessage" title="mailbox.BabylMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag and O flag</td> <td>no “unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>“unseen” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>“deleted” label</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>A flag</td> <td>“answered” label</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> When an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MMDFMessage" title="mailbox.MMDFMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a> instance is created based upon an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> instance, the “From ” line is copied and all flags directly correspond: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="38%" /> <col width="62%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Resulting state</th> <th class="head"><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a> state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>R flag</td> <td>R flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>O flag</td> <td>O flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>D flag</td> <td>D flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>F flag</td> <td>F flag</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>A flag</td> <td>A flag</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="exceptions"> <h2>18.4.3. Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> The following exception classes are defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">mailbox</tt></a> module: <dl class="exception"> <dt id="mailbox.Error"> exception <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">Error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.Error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The based class for all other module-specific exceptions. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError"> exception <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">NoSuchMailboxError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.NoSuchMailboxError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raised when a mailbox is expected but is not found, such as when instantiating a <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Mailbox" title="mailbox.Mailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Mailbox</tt></a> subclass with a path that does not exist (and with the create parameter set to <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>), or when opening a folder that does not exist. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="mailbox.NotEmptyError"> exception <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">NotEmptyError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.NotEmptyError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raised when a mailbox is not empty but is expected to be, such as when deleting a folder that contains messages. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="mailbox.ExternalClashError"> exception <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">ExternalClashError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.ExternalClashError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raised when some mailbox-related condition beyond the control of the program causes it to be unable to proceed, such as when failing to acquire a lock that another program already holds a lock, or when a uniquely-generated file name already exists. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="mailbox.FormatError"> exception <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">FormatError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.FormatError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Raised when the data in a file cannot be parsed, such as when an <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.MH" title="mailbox.MH"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MH</tt></a> instance attempts to read a corrupted <tt class="file docutils literal">.mh_sequences</tt> file. </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="deprecated-classes-and-methods"> <h2>18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-classes-and-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> Deprecated since version 2.6. Older versions of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">mailbox</tt></a> module do not support modification of mailboxes, such as adding or removing message, and do not provide classes to represent format-specific message properties. For backward compatibility, the older mailbox classes are still available, but the newer classes should be used in preference to them. The old classes have been removed in Python 3. Older mailbox objects support only iteration and provide a single public method: <dl class="method"> <dt id="mailbox.oldmailbox.next"> <tt class="descclassname">oldmailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">next</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.oldmailbox.next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the next message in the mailbox, created with the optional factory argument passed into the mailbox object’s constructor. By default this is an <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#rfc822.Message" title="rfc822.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">rfc822.Message</tt></a> object (see the <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#module-rfc822" title="rfc822: Parse 2822 style mail messages. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">rfc822</tt></a> module). Depending on the mailbox implementation the fp attribute of this object may be a true file object or a class instance simulating a file object, taking care of things like message boundaries if multiple mail messages are contained in a single file, etc. If no more messages are available, this method returns <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. </dd></dl> Most of the older mailbox classes have names that differ from the current mailbox class names, except for <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a>. For this reason, the new <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.Maildir" title="mailbox.Maildir"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a> class defines a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">next()</tt> method and its constructor differs slightly from those of the other new mailbox classes. The older mailbox classes whose names are not the same as their newer counterparts are as follows: <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.UnixMailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">UnixMailbox</tt><big>(</big>fp[, factory]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Access to a classic Unix-style mailbox, where all messages are contained in a single file and separated by <tt class="docutils literal">From</tt> (a.k.a. <tt class="docutils literal">From_</tt>) lines. The file object fp points to the mailbox file. The optional factory parameter is a callable that should create new message objects. factory is called with one argument, fp by the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">next()</tt> method of the mailbox object. The default is the <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#rfc822.Message" title="rfc822.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">rfc822.Message</tt></a> class (see the <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#module-rfc822" title="rfc822: Parse 2822 style mail messages. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">rfc822</tt></a> module – and the note below). <div class="admonition note"> Note For reasons of this module’s internal implementation, you will probably want to open the fp object in binary mode. This is especially important on Windows. </div> For maximum portability, messages in a Unix-style mailbox are separated by any line that begins exactly with the string <tt class="docutils literal">'From '</tt> (note the trailing space) if preceded by exactly two newlines. Because of the wide-range of variations in practice, nothing else on the <tt class="docutils literal">From_</tt> line should be considered. However, the current implementation doesn’t check for the leading two newlines. This is usually fine for most applications. The <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a> class implements a more strict version of <tt class="docutils literal">From_</tt> line checking, using a regular expression that usually correctly matched <tt class="docutils literal">From_</tt> delimiters. It considers delimiter line to be separated by <tt class="docutils literal">From name time</tt> lines. For maximum portability, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox" title="mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">PortableUnixMailbox</tt></a> class instead. This class is identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a> except that individual messages are separated by only <tt class="docutils literal">From</tt> lines. </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">PortableUnixMailbox</tt><big>(</big>fp[, factory]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A less-strict version of <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a>, which considers only the <tt class="docutils literal">From</tt> at the beginning of the line separating messages. The “name time” portion of the From line is ignored, to protect against some variations that are observed in practice. This works since lines in the message which begin with <tt class="docutils literal">'From '</tt> are quoted by mail handling software at delivery-time. </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MmdfMailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MmdfMailbox</tt><big>(</big>fp[, factory]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MmdfMailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Access an MMDF-style mailbox, where all messages are contained in a single file and separated by lines consisting of 4 control-A characters. The file object fp points to the mailbox file. Optional factory is as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a> class. </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.MHMailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">MHMailbox</tt><big>(</big>dirname[, factory]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.MHMailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Access an MH mailbox, a directory with each message in a separate file with a numeric name. The name of the mailbox directory is passed in dirname. factory is as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a> class. </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="mailbox.BabylMailbox"> class <tt class="descclassname">mailbox.</tt><tt class="descname">BabylMailbox</tt><big>(</big>fp[, factory]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mailbox.BabylMailbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Access a Babyl mailbox, which is similar to an MMDF mailbox. In Babyl format, each message has two sets of headers, the original headers and the visible headers. The original headers appear before a line containing only <tt class="docutils literal">'*** EOOH ***'</tt> (End-Of-Original-Headers) and the visible headers appear after the <tt class="docutils literal">EOOH</tt> line. Babyl-compliant mail readers will show you only the visible headers, and <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.BabylMailbox" title="mailbox.BabylMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">BabylMailbox</tt></a> objects will return messages containing only the visible headers. You’ll have to do your own parsing of the mailbox file to get at the original headers. Mail messages start with the EOOH line and end with a line containing only <tt class="docutils literal">'\037\014'</tt>. factory is as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox.UnixMailbox" title="mailbox.UnixMailbox"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">UnixMailbox</tt></a> class. </dd></dl> If you wish to use the older mailbox classes with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">email</tt></a> module rather than the deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html#module-rfc822" title="rfc822: Parse 2822 style mail messages. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">rfc822</tt></a> module, you can do so as follows: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import email import email.Errors import mailbox def msgfactory(fp): try: return email.message_from_file(fp) except email.Errors.MessageParseError: # Don't return None since that will # stop the mailbox iterator return '' mbox = mailbox.UnixMailbox(fp, msgfactory) </pre></div> </div> Alternatively, if you know your mailbox contains only well-formed MIME messages, you can simplify this to: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import email import mailbox mbox = mailbox.UnixMailbox(fp, email.message_from_file) </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="examples"> <h2>18.4.5. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> A simple example of printing the subjects of all messages in a mailbox that seem interesting: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import mailbox for message in mailbox.mbox('~/mbox'): subject = message['subject'] # Could possibly be None. if subject and 'python' in subject.lower(): print subject </pre></div> </div> To copy all mail from a Babyl mailbox to an MH mailbox, converting all of the format-specific information that can be converted: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import mailbox destination = mailbox.MH('~/Mail') destination.lock() for message in mailbox.Babyl('~/RMAIL'): destination.add(mailbox.MHMessage(message)) destination.flush() destination.unlock() </pre></div> </div> This example sorts mail from several mailing lists into different mailboxes, being careful to avoid mail corruption due to concurrent modification by other programs, mail loss due to interruption of the program, or premature termination due to malformed messages in the mailbox: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import mailbox import email.Errors list_names = ('python-list', 'python-dev', 'python-bugs') boxes = dict((name, mailbox.mbox('~/email/%s' % name)) for name in list_names) inbox = mailbox.Maildir('~/Maildir', factory=None) for key in inbox.iterkeys(): try: message = inbox[key] except email.Errors.MessageParseError: continue # The message is malformed. Just leave it. for name in list_names: list_id = message['list-id'] if list_id and name in list_id: # Get mailbox to use box = boxes[name] # Write copy to disk before removing original. # If there's a crash, you might duplicate a message, but # that's better than losing a message completely. box.lock() box.add(message) box.flush() box.unlock() # Remove original message inbox.lock() inbox.discard(key) inbox.flush() inbox.unlock() break # Found destination, so stop looking. for box in boxes.itervalues(): box.close() </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">18.4. <tt class="docutils literal">mailbox</tt> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mailbox-objects">18.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal">Mailbox</tt> objects</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#maildir">18.4.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal">Maildir</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mbox">18.4.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal">mbox</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mh">18.4.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal">MH</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#babyl">18.4.1.4. <tt class="docutils literal">Babyl</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mmdf">18.4.1.5. <tt class="docutils literal">MMDF</tt></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#message-objects">18.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal">Message</tt> objects</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#maildirmessage">18.4.2.1. <tt class="docutils literal">MaildirMessage</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mboxmessage">18.4.2.2. <tt class="docutils literal">mboxMessage</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mhmessage">18.4.2.3. <tt class="docutils literal">MHMessage</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#babylmessage">18.4.2.4. <tt class="docutils literal">BabylMessage</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mmdfmessage">18.4.2.5. <tt class="docutils literal">MMDFMessage</tt></a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#exceptions">18.4.3. Exceptions</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated-classes-and-methods">18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">18.4.5. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <a href="mailcap.html" title="previous chapter">18.3. <tt class="docutils literal">mailcap</tt> — Mailcap file handling</a> <h4>Next topic</h4> <a href="mhlib.html" title="next chapter">18.5. <tt class="docutils literal">mhlib</tt> — Access to MH mailboxes</a> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/mailbox.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="mhlib.html" title="18.5. mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="mailcap.html" title="18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="netdata.html" >18. Internet Data Handling</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>

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