p!ranha?

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>7.2. re — Regular expression operations — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="7. 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String Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-re"> <h1>7.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">re</tt></a> — Regular expression operations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-re" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl. Both patterns and strings to be searched can be Unicode strings as well as 8-bit strings. Regular expressions use the backslash character (<tt class="docutils literal">'\'</tt>) to indicate special forms or to allow special characters to be used without invoking their special meaning. This collides with Python’s usage of the same character for the same purpose in string literals; for example, to match a literal backslash, one might have to write <tt class="docutils literal">'\\\\'</tt> as the pattern string, because the regular expression must be <tt class="docutils literal">\\</tt>, and each backslash must be expressed as <tt class="docutils literal">\\</tt> inside a regular Python string literal. The solution is to use Python’s raw string notation for regular expression patterns; backslashes are not handled in any special way in a string literal prefixed with <tt class="docutils literal">'r'</tt>. So <tt class="docutils literal">r"\n"</tt> is a two-character string containing <tt class="docutils literal">'\'</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">'n'</tt>, while <tt class="docutils literal">"\n"</tt> is a one-character string containing a newline. Usually patterns will be expressed in Python code using this raw string notation. It is important to note that most regular expression operations are available as module-level functions and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject" title="re.RegexObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">RegexObject</tt></a> methods. The functions are shortcuts that don’t require you to compile a regex object first, but miss some fine-tuning parameters. <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Mastering Regular Expressions</dt> <dd>Book on regular expressions by Jeffrey Friedl, published by O’Reilly. The second edition of the book no longer covers Python at all, but the first edition covered writing good regular expression patterns in great detail.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="regular-expression-syntax"> <h2>7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-expression-syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> A regular expression (or RE) specifies a set of strings that matches it; the functions in this module let you check if a particular string matches a given regular expression (or if a given regular expression matches a particular string, which comes down to the same thing). Regular expressions can be concatenated to form new regular expressions; if A and B are both regular expressions, then AB is also a regular expression. In general, if a string p matches A and another string q matches B, the string pq will match AB. This holds unless A or B contain low precedence operations; boundary conditions between A and B; or have numbered group references. Thus, complex expressions can easily be constructed from simpler primitive expressions like the ones described here. For details of the theory and implementation of regular expressions, consult the Friedl book referenced above, or almost any textbook about compiler construction. A brief explanation of the format of regular expressions follows. For further information and a gentler presentation, consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/regex.html#regex-howto">Regular Expression HOWTO</a>. Regular expressions can contain both special and ordinary characters. Most ordinary characters, like <tt class="docutils literal">'A'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt>, or <tt class="docutils literal">'0'</tt>, are the simplest regular expressions; they simply match themselves. You can concatenate ordinary characters, so <tt class="docutils literal">last</tt> matches the string <tt class="docutils literal">'last'</tt>. (In the rest of this section, we’ll write RE’s in <tt class="docutils literal">this special style</tt>, usually without quotes, and strings to be matched <tt class="docutils literal">'in single quotes'</tt>.) Some characters, like <tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'('</tt>, are special. Special characters either stand for classes of ordinary characters, or affect how the regular expressions around them are interpreted. Regular expression pattern strings may not contain null bytes, but can specify the null byte using the <tt class="docutils literal">\number</tt> notation, e.g., <tt class="docutils literal">'\x00'</tt>. The special characters are: <dl class="docutils"> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt></dt> <dd>(Dot.) In the default mode, this matches any character except a newline. If the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.DOTALL" title="re.DOTALL"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">DOTALL</tt></a> flag has been specified, this matches any character including a newline.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt></dt> <dd>(Caret.) Matches the start of the string, and in <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="re.MULTILINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">MULTILINE</tt></a> mode also matches immediately after each newline.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'$'</tt></dt> <dd>Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at the end of the string, and in <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="re.MULTILINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">MULTILINE</tt></a> mode also matches before a newline. <tt class="docutils literal">foo</tt> matches both ‘foo’ and ‘foobar’, while the regular expression <tt class="docutils literal">foo$</tt> matches only ‘foo’. More interestingly, searching for <tt class="docutils literal">foo.$</tt> in <tt class="docutils literal">'foo1\nfoo2\n'</tt> matches ‘foo2’ normally, but ‘foo1’ in <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="re.MULTILINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">MULTILINE</tt></a> mode; searching for a single <tt class="docutils literal">$</tt> in <tt class="docutils literal">'foo\n'</tt> will find two (empty) matches: one just before the newline, and one at the end of the string.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'*'</tt></dt> <dd>Causes the resulting RE to match 0 or more repetitions of the preceding RE, as many repetitions as are possible. <tt class="docutils literal">ab*</tt> will match ‘a’, ‘ab’, or ‘a’ followed by any number of ‘b’s.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'+'</tt></dt> <dd>Causes the resulting RE to match 1 or more repetitions of the preceding RE. <tt class="docutils literal">ab+</tt> will match ‘a’ followed by any non-zero number of ‘b’s; it will not match just ‘a’.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt></dt> <dd>Causes the resulting RE to match 0 or 1 repetitions of the preceding RE. <tt class="docutils literal">ab?</tt> will match either ‘a’ or ‘ab’.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">*?</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">+?</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">??</tt></dt> <dd>The <tt class="docutils literal">'*'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'+'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt> qualifiers are all greedy; they match as much text as possible. Sometimes this behaviour isn’t desired; if the RE <tt class="docutils literal"><.*></tt> is matched against <tt class="docutils literal">'<H1>title</H1>'</tt>, it will match the entire string, and not just <tt class="docutils literal">'<H1>'</tt>. Adding <tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt> after the qualifier makes it perform the match in non-greedy or minimal fashion; as few characters as possible will be matched. Using <tt class="docutils literal">.*?</tt> in the previous expression will match only <tt class="docutils literal">'<H1>'</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">{m}</tt></dt> <dd>Specifies that exactly m copies of the previous RE should be matched; fewer matches cause the entire RE not to match. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">a{6}</tt> will match exactly six <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt> characters, but not five.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">{m,n}</tt></dt> <dd>Causes the resulting RE to match from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE, attempting to match as many repetitions as possible. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">a{3,5}</tt> will match from 3 to 5 <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt> characters. Omitting m specifies a lower bound of zero, and omitting n specifies an infinite upper bound. As an example, <tt class="docutils literal">a{4,}b</tt> will match <tt class="docutils literal">aaaab</tt> or a thousand <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt> characters followed by a <tt class="docutils literal">b</tt>, but not <tt class="docutils literal">aaab</tt>. The comma may not be omitted or the modifier would be confused with the previously described form.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">{m,n}?</tt></dt> <dd>Causes the resulting RE to match from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE, attempting to match as few repetitions as possible. This is the non-greedy version of the previous qualifier. For example, on the 6-character string <tt class="docutils literal">'aaaaaa'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">a{3,5}</tt> will match 5 <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt> characters, while <tt class="docutils literal">a{3,5}?</tt> will only match 3 characters.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'\'</tt></dt> <dd>Either escapes special characters (permitting you to match characters like <tt class="docutils literal">'*'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt>, and so forth), or signals a special sequence; special sequences are discussed below. If you’re not using a raw string to express the pattern, remember that Python also uses the backslash as an escape sequence in string literals; if the escape sequence isn’t recognized by Python’s parser, the backslash and subsequent character are included in the resulting string. However, if Python would recognize the resulting sequence, the backslash should be repeated twice. This is complicated and hard to understand, so it’s highly recommended that you use raw strings for all but the simplest expressions. </dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">[]</tt></dt> <dd>Used to indicate a set of characters. In a set: <ul class="last simple"> <li>Characters can be listed individually, e.g. <tt class="docutils literal">[amk]</tt> will match <tt class="docutils literal">'a'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'m'</tt>, or <tt class="docutils literal">'k'</tt>.</li> <li>Ranges of characters can be indicated by giving two characters and separating them by a <tt class="docutils literal">'-'</tt>, for example <tt class="docutils literal">[a-z]</tt> will match any lowercase ASCII letter, <tt class="docutils literal">[0-5][0-9]</tt> will match all the two-digits numbers from <tt class="docutils literal">00</tt> to <tt class="docutils literal">59</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9A-Fa-f]</tt> will match any hexadecimal digit. If <tt class="docutils literal">-</tt> is escaped (e.g. <tt class="docutils literal">[a\-z]</tt>) or if it’s placed as the first or last character (e.g. <tt class="docutils literal">[a-]</tt>), it will match a literal <tt class="docutils literal">'-'</tt>.</li> <li>Special characters lose their special meaning inside sets. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">[(+*)]</tt> will match any of the literal characters <tt class="docutils literal">'('</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'+'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'*'</tt>, or <tt class="docutils literal">')'</tt>.</li> <li>Character classes such as <tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">\S</tt> (defined below) are also accepted inside a set, although the characters they match depends on whether <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> mode is in force.</li> <li>Characters that are not within a range can be matched by complementing the set. If the first character of the set is <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt>, all the characters that are not in the set will be matched. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">[^5]</tt> will match any character except <tt class="docutils literal">'5'</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">[^^]</tt> will match any character except <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt>. <tt class="docutils literal">^</tt> has no special meaning if it’s not the first character in the set.</li> <li>To match a literal <tt class="docutils literal">']'</tt> inside a set, precede it with a backslash, or place it at the beginning of the set. For example, both <tt class="docutils literal">[()[\]{}]</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">[]()[{}]</tt> will both match a parenthesis.</li> </ul> </dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt></dt> <dd><tt class="docutils literal">A|B</tt>, where A and B can be arbitrary REs, creates a regular expression that will match either A or B. An arbitrary number of REs can be separated by the <tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt> in this way. This can be used inside groups (see below) as well. As the target string is scanned, REs separated by <tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt> are tried from left to right. When one pattern completely matches, that branch is accepted. This means that once <tt class="docutils literal">A</tt> matches, <tt class="docutils literal">B</tt> will not be tested further, even if it would produce a longer overall match. In other words, the <tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt> operator is never greedy. To match a literal <tt class="docutils literal">'|'</tt>, use <tt class="docutils literal">\|</tt>, or enclose it inside a character class, as in <tt class="docutils literal">[|]</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(...)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches whatever regular expression is inside the parentheses, and indicates the start and end of a group; the contents of a group can be retrieved after a match has been performed, and can be matched later in the string with the <tt class="docutils literal">\number</tt> special sequence, described below. To match the literals <tt class="docutils literal">'('</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">')'</tt>, use <tt class="docutils literal">$</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">$</tt>, or enclose them inside a character class: <tt class="docutils literal">[(] [)]</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?...)</tt></dt> <dd>This is an extension notation (a <tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt> following a <tt class="docutils literal">'('</tt> is not meaningful otherwise). The first character after the <tt class="docutils literal">'?'</tt> determines what the meaning and further syntax of the construct is. Extensions usually do not create a new group; <tt class="docutils literal">(?P<name>...)</tt> is the only exception to this rule. Following are the currently supported extensions.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?iLmsux)</tt></dt> <dd>(One or more letters from the set <tt class="docutils literal">'i'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'L'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'m'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'s'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'u'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'x'</tt>.) The group matches the empty string; the letters set the corresponding flags: <a class="reference internal" href="#re.I" title="re.I"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.I</tt></a> (ignore case), <a class="reference internal" href="#re.L" title="re.L"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.L</tt></a> (locale dependent), <a class="reference internal" href="#re.M" title="re.M"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.M</tt></a> (multi-line), <a class="reference internal" href="#re.S" title="re.S"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.S</tt></a> (dot matches all), <a class="reference internal" href="#re.U" title="re.U"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.U</tt></a> (Unicode dependent), and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.X" title="re.X"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">re.X</tt></a> (verbose), for the entire regular expression. (The flags are described in <a class="reference internal" href="#contents-of-module-re">Module Contents</a>.) This is useful if you wish to include the flags as part of the regular expression, instead of passing a flag argument to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.compile" title="re.compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.compile()</tt></a> function. Note that the <tt class="docutils literal">(?x)</tt> flag changes how the expression is parsed. It should be used first in the expression string, or after one or more whitespace characters. If there are non-whitespace characters before the flag, the results are undefined. </dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?:...)</tt></dt> <dd>A non-capturing version of regular parentheses. Matches whatever regular expression is inside the parentheses, but the substring matched by the group cannot be retrieved after performing a match or referenced later in the pattern.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?P<name>...)</tt></dt> <dd>Similar to regular parentheses, but the substring matched by the group is accessible within the rest of the regular expression via the symbolic group name name. Group names must be valid Python identifiers, and each group name must be defined only once within a regular expression. A symbolic group is also a numbered group, just as if the group were not named. So the group named <tt class="docutils literal">id</tt> in the example below can also be referenced as the numbered group <tt class="docutils literal">1</tt>. For example, if the pattern is <tt class="docutils literal">(?P<id>[a-zA-Z_]\w*)</tt>, the group can be referenced by its name in arguments to methods of match objects, such as <tt class="docutils literal">m.group('id')</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">m.end('id')</tt>, and also by name in the regular expression itself (using <tt class="docutils literal">(?P=id)</tt>) and replacement text given to <tt class="docutils literal">.sub()</tt> (using <tt class="docutils literal">\g<id></tt>). </dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?P=name)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches whatever text was matched by the earlier group named name.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?#...)</tt></dt> <dd>A comment; the contents of the parentheses are simply ignored.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?=...)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches if <tt class="docutils literal">...</tt> matches next, but doesn’t consume any of the string. This is called a lookahead assertion. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">Isaac (?=Asimov)</tt> will match <tt class="docutils literal">'Isaac '</tt> only if it’s followed by <tt class="docutils literal">'Asimov'</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?!...)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches if <tt class="docutils literal">...</tt> doesn’t match next. This is a negative lookahead assertion. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">Isaac (?!Asimov)</tt> will match <tt class="docutils literal">'Isaac '</tt> only if it’s not followed by <tt class="docutils literal">'Asimov'</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?<=...)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches if the current position in the string is preceded by a match for <tt class="docutils literal">...</tt> that ends at the current position. This is called a positive lookbehind assertion. <tt class="docutils literal">(?<=abc)def</tt> will find a match in <tt class="docutils literal">abcdef</tt>, since the lookbehind will back up 3 characters and check if the contained pattern matches. The contained pattern must only match strings of some fixed length, meaning that <tt class="docutils literal">abc</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">a|b</tt> are allowed, but <tt class="docutils literal">a*</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">a{3,4}</tt> are not. Note that patterns which start with positive lookbehind assertions will not match at the beginning of the string being searched; you will most likely want to use the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> function rather than the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">match()</tt></a> function: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> import re >>> m = re.search('(?<=abc)def', 'abcdef') >>> m.group(0) 'def' </pre></div> </div> This example looks for a word following a hyphen: <div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.search('(?<=-)\w+', 'spam-egg') >>> m.group(0) 'egg' </pre></div> </div> </dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?<!...)</tt></dt> <dd>Matches if the current position in the string is not preceded by a match for <tt class="docutils literal">...</tt>. This is called a negative lookbehind assertion. Similar to positive lookbehind assertions, the contained pattern must only match strings of some fixed length. Patterns which start with negative lookbehind assertions may match at the beginning of the string being searched.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">(?(id/name)yes-pattern|no-pattern)</tt></dt> <dd>Will try to match with <tt class="docutils literal">yes-pattern</tt> if the group with given id or name exists, and with <tt class="docutils literal">no-pattern</tt> if it doesn’t. <tt class="docutils literal">no-pattern</tt> is optional and can be omitted. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">(<)?(\w+@\w+(?:\.\w+)+)(?(1)>)</tt> is a poor email matching pattern, which will match with <tt class="docutils literal">'<user@host.com>'</tt> as well as <tt class="docutils literal">'user@host.com'</tt>, but not with <tt class="docutils literal">'<user@host.com'</tt>. New in version 2.4. </dd> </dl> The special sequences consist of <tt class="docutils literal">'\'</tt> and a character from the list below. If the ordinary character is not on the list, then the resulting RE will match the second character. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">\$</tt> matches the character <tt class="docutils literal">'$'</tt>. <dl class="docutils"> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\number</tt></dt> <dd>Matches the contents of the group of the same number. Groups are numbered starting from 1. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">(.+) \1</tt> matches <tt class="docutils literal">'the the'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'55 55'</tt>, but not <tt class="docutils literal">'the end'</tt> (note the space after the group). This special sequence can only be used to match one of the first 99 groups. If the first digit of number is 0, or number is 3 octal digits long, it will not be interpreted as a group match, but as the character with octal value number. Inside the <tt class="docutils literal">'['</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">']'</tt> of a character class, all numeric escapes are treated as characters.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\A</tt></dt> <dd>Matches only at the start of the string.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt></dt> <dd>Matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or end of a word. A word is defined as a sequence of alphanumeric or underscore characters, so the end of a word is indicated by whitespace or a non-alphanumeric, non-underscore character. Note that formally, <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt> is defined as the boundary between a <tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt> and a <tt class="docutils literal">\W</tt> character (or vice versa), or between <tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt> and the beginning/end of the string, so the precise set of characters deemed to be alphanumeric depends on the values of the <tt class="docutils literal">UNICODE</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">LOCALE</tt> flags. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">r'\bfoo\b'</tt> matches <tt class="docutils literal">'foo'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'foo.'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'(foo)'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'bar foo baz'</tt> but not <tt class="docutils literal">'foobar'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'foo3'</tt>. Inside a character range, <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt> represents the backspace character, for compatibility with Python’s string literals.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\B</tt></dt> <dd>Matches the empty string, but only when it is not at the beginning or end of a word. This means that <tt class="docutils literal">r'py\B'</tt> matches <tt class="docutils literal">'python'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'py3'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'py2'</tt>, but not <tt class="docutils literal">'py'</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">'py.'</tt>, or <tt class="docutils literal">'py!'</tt>. <tt class="docutils literal">\B</tt> is just the opposite of <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt>, so is also subject to the settings of <tt class="docutils literal">LOCALE</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">UNICODE</tt>.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\d</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flag is not specified, matches any decimal digit; this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9]</tt>. With <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a>, it will match whatever is classified as a decimal digit in the Unicode character properties database.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\D</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flag is not specified, matches any non-digit character; this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[^0-9]</tt>. With <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a>, it will match anything other than character marked as digits in the Unicode character properties database.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\s</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flag is not specified, it matches any whitespace character, this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[ \t\n\r\f\v]</tt>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> flag has no extra effect on matching of the space. If <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> is set, this will match the characters <tt class="docutils literal">[ \t\n\r\f\v]</tt> plus whatever is classified as space in the Unicode character properties database.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\S</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flags is not specified, matches any non-whitespace character; this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[^ \t\n\r\f\v]</tt> The <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> flag has no extra effect on non-whitespace match. If <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> is set, then any character not marked as space in the Unicode character properties database is matched.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flags are not specified, matches any alphanumeric character and the underscore; this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>. With <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a>, it will match the set <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9_]</tt> plus whatever characters are defined as alphanumeric for the current locale. If <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> is set, this will match the characters <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9_]</tt> plus whatever is classified as alphanumeric in the Unicode character properties database.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\W</tt></dt> <dd>When the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flags are not specified, matches any non-alphanumeric character; this is equivalent to the set <tt class="docutils literal">[^a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>. With <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a>, it will match any character not in the set <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9_]</tt>, and not defined as alphanumeric for the current locale. If <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> is set, this will match anything other than <tt class="docutils literal">[0-9_]</tt> plus characters classied as not alphanumeric in the Unicode character properties database.</dd> <dt><tt class="docutils literal">\Z</tt></dt> <dd>Matches only at the end of the string.</dd> </dl> If both <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a> flags are included for a particular sequence, then <a class="reference internal" href="#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">LOCALE</tt></a> flag takes effect first followed by the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.UNICODE" title="re.UNICODE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">UNICODE</tt></a>. Most of the standard escapes supported by Python string literals are also accepted by the regular expression parser: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>\a \b \f \n \r \t \v \x \\</pre> </div> (Note that <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt> is used to represent word boundaries, and means “backspace” only inside character classes.) Octal escapes are included in a limited form: If the first digit is a 0, or if there are three octal digits, it is considered an octal escape. Otherwise, it is a group reference. As for string literals, octal escapes are always at most three digits in length. </div> <div class="section" id="module-contents"> <h2>7.2.2. Module Contents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> The module defines several functions, constants, and an exception. Some of the functions are simplified versions of the full featured methods for compiled regular expressions. Most non-trivial applications always use the compiled form. <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.compile"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">compile</tt><big>(</big>pattern, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.compile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Compile a regular expression pattern into a regular expression object, which can be used for matching using its <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">match()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> methods, described below. The expression’s behaviour can be modified by specifying a flags value. Values can be any of the following variables, combined using bitwise OR (the <tt class="docutils literal">|</tt> operator). The sequence <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>prog = re.compile(pattern) result = prog.match(string) </pre></div> </div> is equivalent to <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>result = re.match(pattern, string) </pre></div> </div> but using <a class="reference internal" href="#re.compile" title="re.compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.compile()</tt></a> and saving the resulting regular expression object for reuse is more efficient when the expression will be used several times in a single program. <div class="admonition note"> Note The compiled versions of the most recent patterns passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.match()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.search()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.compile" title="re.compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.compile()</tt></a> are cached, so programs that use only a few regular expressions at a time needn’t worry about compiling regular expressions. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.DEBUG"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">DEBUG</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.DEBUG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Display debug information about compiled expression. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.I"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">I</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.I" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.IGNORECASE"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">IGNORECASE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.IGNORECASE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Perform case-insensitive matching; expressions like <tt class="docutils literal">[A-Z]</tt> will match lowercase letters, too. This is not affected by the current locale. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.L"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">L</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.L" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.LOCALE"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">LOCALE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.LOCALE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Make <tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\W</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\B</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\s</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">\S</tt> dependent on the current locale. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.M"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">M</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.M" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.MULTILINE"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">MULTILINE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>When specified, the pattern character <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt> matches at the beginning of the string and at the beginning of each line (immediately following each newline); and the pattern character <tt class="docutils literal">'$'</tt> matches at the end of the string and at the end of each line (immediately preceding each newline). By default, <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt> matches only at the beginning of the string, and <tt class="docutils literal">'$'</tt> only at the end of the string and immediately before the newline (if any) at the end of the string. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.S"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">S</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.S" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.DOTALL"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">DOTALL</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.DOTALL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Make the <tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt> special character match any character at all, including a newline; without this flag, <tt class="docutils literal">'.'</tt> will match anything except a newline. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.U"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">U</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.U" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.UNICODE"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">UNICODE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.UNICODE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Make <tt class="docutils literal">\w</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\W</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\b</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\B</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\d</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\D</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\s</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">\S</tt> dependent on the Unicode character properties database. New in version 2.0. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="re.X"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">X</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.X" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.VERBOSE"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">VERBOSE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.VERBOSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This flag allows you to write regular expressions that look nicer. Whitespace within the pattern is ignored, except when in a character class or preceded by an unescaped backslash, and, when a line contains a <tt class="docutils literal">'#'</tt> neither in a character class or preceded by an unescaped backslash, all characters from the leftmost such <tt class="docutils literal">'#'</tt> through the end of the line are ignored. That means that the two following regular expression objects that match a decimal number are functionally equal: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>a = re.compile(r"""\d + # the integral part \. # the decimal point \d * # some fractional digits""", re.X) b = re.compile(r"\d+\.\d*") </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.search"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">search</tt><big>(</big>pattern, string, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Scan through string looking for a location where the regular expression pattern produces a match, and return a corresponding <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instance. Return <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if no position in the string matches the pattern; note that this is different from finding a zero-length match at some point in the string. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.match"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">match</tt><big>(</big>pattern, string, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.match" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If zero or more characters at the beginning of string match the regular expression pattern, return a corresponding <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instance. Return <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if the string does not match the pattern; note that this is different from a zero-length match. Note that even in <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="re.MULTILINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">MULTILINE</tt></a> mode, <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.match()</tt></a> will only match at the beginning of the string and not at the beginning of each line. If you want to locate a match anywhere in string, use <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> instead (see also <a class="reference internal" href="#search-vs-match">search() vs. match()</a>). </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.split"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">split</tt><big>(</big>pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Split string by the occurrences of pattern. If capturing parentheses are used in pattern, then the text of all groups in the pattern are also returned as part of the resulting list. If maxsplit is nonzero, at most maxsplit splits occur, and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of the list. (Incompatibility note: in the original Python 1.5 release, maxsplit was ignored. This has been fixed in later releases.) <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.split('\W+', 'Words, words, words.') ['Words', 'words', 'words', ''] >>> re.split('(\W+)', 'Words, words, words.') ['Words', ', ', 'words', ', ', 'words', '.', ''] >>> re.split('\W+', 'Words, words, words.', 1) ['Words', 'words, words.'] >>> re.split('[a-f]+', '0a3B9', flags=re.IGNORECASE) ['0', '3', '9'] </pre></div> </div> If there are capturing groups in the separator and it matches at the start of the string, the result will start with an empty string. The same holds for the end of the string: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.split('(\W+)', '...words, words...') ['', '...', 'words', ', ', 'words', '...', ''] </pre></div> </div> That way, separator components are always found at the same relative indices within the result list (e.g., if there’s one capturing group in the separator, the 0th, the 2nd and so forth). Note that split will never split a string on an empty pattern match. For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.split('x*', 'foo') ['foo'] >>> re.split("(?m)^$", "foo\n\nbar\n") ['foo\n\nbar\n'] </pre></div> </div> Changed in version 2.7: Added the optional flags argument. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.findall"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">findall</tt><big>(</big>pattern, string, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.findall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return all non-overlapping matches of pattern in string, as a list of strings. The string is scanned left-to-right, and matches are returned in the order found. If one or more groups are present in the pattern, return a list of groups; this will be a list of tuples if the pattern has more than one group. Empty matches are included in the result unless they touch the beginning of another match. New in version 1.5.2. Changed in version 2.4: Added the optional flags argument. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.finditer"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">finditer</tt><big>(</big>pattern, string, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.finditer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a> yielding <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instances over all non-overlapping matches for the RE pattern in string. The string is scanned left-to-right, and matches are returned in the order found. Empty matches are included in the result unless they touch the beginning of another match. New in version 2.2. Changed in version 2.4: Added the optional flags argument. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.sub"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">sub</tt><big>(</big>pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl. If the pattern isn’t found, string is returned unchanged. repl can be a string or a function; if it is a string, any backslash escapes in it are processed. That is, <tt class="docutils literal">\n</tt> is converted to a single newline character, <tt class="docutils literal">\r</tt> is converted to a carriage return, and so forth. Unknown escapes such as <tt class="docutils literal">\j</tt> are left alone. Backreferences, such as <tt class="docutils literal">\6</tt>, are replaced with the substring matched by group 6 in the pattern. For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.sub(r'def\s+([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)\s*$\s*$:', ... r'static PyObject*\npy_\1(void)\n{', ... 'def myfunc():') 'static PyObject*\npy_myfunc(void)\n{' </pre></div> </div> If repl is a function, it is called for every non-overlapping occurrence of pattern. The function takes a single match object argument, and returns the replacement string. For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> def dashrepl(matchobj): ... if matchobj.group(0) == '-': return ' ' ... else: return '-' >>> re.sub('-{1,2}', dashrepl, 'pro----gram-files') 'pro--gram files' >>> re.sub(r'\sAND\s', ' & ', 'Baked Beans And Spam', flags=re.IGNORECASE) 'Baked Beans & Spam' </pre></div> </div> The pattern may be a string or an RE object. The optional argument count is the maximum number of pattern occurrences to be replaced; count must be a non-negative integer. If omitted or zero, all occurrences will be replaced. Empty matches for the pattern are replaced only when not adjacent to a previous match, so <tt class="docutils literal">sub('x*', '-', 'abc')</tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal">'-a-b-c-'</tt>. In addition to character escapes and backreferences as described above, <tt class="docutils literal">\g<name></tt> will use the substring matched by the group named <tt class="docutils literal">name</tt>, as defined by the <tt class="docutils literal">(?P<name>...)</tt> syntax. <tt class="docutils literal">\g<number></tt> uses the corresponding group number; <tt class="docutils literal">\g<2></tt> is therefore equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">\2</tt>, but isn’t ambiguous in a replacement such as <tt class="docutils literal">\g<2>0</tt>. <tt class="docutils literal">\20</tt> would be interpreted as a reference to group 20, not a reference to group 2 followed by the literal character <tt class="docutils literal">'0'</tt>. The backreference <tt class="docutils literal">\g<0></tt> substitutes in the entire substring matched by the RE. Changed in version 2.7: Added the optional flags argument. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.subn"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">subn</tt><big>(</big>pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.subn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Perform the same operation as <a class="reference internal" href="#re.sub" title="re.sub"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">sub()</tt></a>, but return a tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(new_string, number_of_subs_made)</tt>. Changed in version 2.7: Added the optional flags argument. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.escape"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">escape</tt><big>(</big>string<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return string with all non-alphanumerics backslashed; this is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may have regular expression metacharacters in it. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="re.purge"> <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">purge</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.purge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Clear the regular expression cache. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="re.error"> exception <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Exception raised when a string passed to one of the functions here is not a valid regular expression (for example, it might contain unmatched parentheses) or when some other error occurs during compilation or matching. It is never an error if a string contains no match for a pattern. </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="regular-expression-objects"> <h2>7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-expression-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="re.RegexObject"> class <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">RegexObject</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject" title="re.RegexObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">RegexObject</tt></a> class supports the following methods and attributes: <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.search"> <tt class="descname">search</tt><big>(</big>string[, pos[, endpos]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Scan through string looking for a location where this regular expression produces a match, and return a corresponding <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instance. Return <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if no position in the string matches the pattern; note that this is different from finding a zero-length match at some point in the string. The optional second parameter pos gives an index in the string where the search is to start; it defaults to <tt class="docutils literal">0</tt>. This is not completely equivalent to slicing the string; the <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt> pattern character matches at the real beginning of the string and at positions just after a newline, but not necessarily at the index where the search is to start. The optional parameter endpos limits how far the string will be searched; it will be as if the string is endpos characters long, so only the characters from pos to <tt class="docutils literal">endpos - 1</tt> will be searched for a match. If endpos is less than pos, no match will be found, otherwise, if rx is a compiled regular expression object, <tt class="docutils literal">rx.search(string, 0, 50)</tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">rx.search(string[:50], 0)</tt>. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> pattern = re.compile("d") >>> pattern.search("dog") # Match at index 0 <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> >>> pattern.search("dog", 1) # No match; search doesn't include the "d" </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.match"> <tt class="descname">match</tt><big>(</big>string[, pos[, endpos]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.match" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If zero or more characters at the beginning of string match this regular expression, return a corresponding <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instance. Return <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if the string does not match the pattern; note that this is different from a zero-length match. The optional pos and endpos parameters have the same meaning as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a> method. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> pattern = re.compile("o") >>> pattern.match("dog") # No match as "o" is not at the start of "dog". >>> pattern.match("dog", 1) # Match as "o" is the 2nd character of "dog". <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> If you want to locate a match anywhere in string, use <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a> instead (see also <a class="reference internal" href="#search-vs-match">search() vs. match()</a>). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.split"> <tt class="descname">split</tt><big>(</big>string, maxsplit=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.split" title="re.split"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">split()</tt></a> function, using the compiled pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.findall"> <tt class="descname">findall</tt><big>(</big>string[, pos[, endpos]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.findall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.findall" title="re.findall"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">findall()</tt></a> function, using the compiled pattern, but also accepts optional pos and endpos parameters that limit the search region like for <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.finditer"> <tt class="descname">finditer</tt><big>(</big>string[, pos[, endpos]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.finditer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.finditer" title="re.finditer"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">finditer()</tt></a> function, using the compiled pattern, but also accepts optional pos and endpos parameters that limit the search region like for <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.sub"> <tt class="descname">sub</tt><big>(</big>repl, string, count=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.sub" title="re.sub"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">sub()</tt></a> function, using the compiled pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.subn"> <tt class="descname">subn</tt><big>(</big>repl, string, count=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.subn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.subn" title="re.subn"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">subn()</tt></a> function, using the compiled pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.flags"> <tt class="descname">flags</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The regex matching flags. This is a combination of the flags given to <a class="reference internal" href="#re.compile" title="re.compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">compile()</tt></a> and any <tt class="docutils literal">(?...)</tt> inline flags in the pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.groups"> <tt class="descname">groups</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.groups" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The number of capturing groups in the pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.groupindex"> <tt class="descname">groupindex</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.groupindex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A dictionary mapping any symbolic group names defined by <tt class="docutils literal">(?P<id>)</tt> to group numbers. The dictionary is empty if no symbolic groups were used in the pattern. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.RegexObject.pattern"> <tt class="descname">pattern</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.RegexObject.pattern" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The pattern string from which the RE object was compiled. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="match-objects"> <h2>7.2.4. Match Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#match-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="re.MatchObject"> class <tt class="descclassname">re.</tt><tt class="descname">MatchObject</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Match objects always have a boolean value of <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>. Since <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt> return <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> when there is no match, you can test whether there was a match with a simple <tt class="docutils literal">if</tt> statement: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>match = re.search(pattern, string) if match: process(match) </pre></div> </div> Match objects support the following methods and attributes: <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.expand"> <tt class="descname">expand</tt><big>(</big>template<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.expand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the string obtained by doing backslash substitution on the template string template, as done by the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.sub" title="re.RegexObject.sub"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">sub()</tt></a> method. Escapes such as <tt class="docutils literal">\n</tt> are converted to the appropriate characters, and numeric backreferences (<tt class="docutils literal">\1</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\2</tt>) and named backreferences (<tt class="docutils literal">\g<1></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">\g<name></tt>) are replaced by the contents of the corresponding group. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.group"> <tt class="descname">group</tt><big>(</big>[group1, ...]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.group" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Returns one or more subgroups of the match. If there is a single argument, the result is a single string; if there are multiple arguments, the result is a tuple with one item per argument. Without arguments, group1 defaults to zero (the whole match is returned). If a groupN argument is zero, the corresponding return value is the entire matching string; if it is in the inclusive range [1..99], it is the string matching the corresponding parenthesized group. If a group number is negative or larger than the number of groups defined in the pattern, an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IndexError" title="exceptions.IndexError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">IndexError</tt></a> exception is raised. If a group is contained in a part of the pattern that did not match, the corresponding result is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. If a group is contained in a part of the pattern that matched multiple times, the last match is returned. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(\w+) (\w+)", "Isaac Newton, physicist") >>> m.group(0) # The entire match 'Isaac Newton' >>> m.group(1) # The first parenthesized subgroup. 'Isaac' >>> m.group(2) # The second parenthesized subgroup. 'Newton' >>> m.group(1, 2) # Multiple arguments give us a tuple. ('Isaac', 'Newton') </pre></div> </div> If the regular expression uses the <tt class="docutils literal">(?P<name>...)</tt> syntax, the groupN arguments may also be strings identifying groups by their group name. If a string argument is not used as a group name in the pattern, an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IndexError" title="exceptions.IndexError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">IndexError</tt></a> exception is raised. A moderately complicated example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(?P<first_name>\w+) (?P<last_name>\w+)", "Malcolm Reynolds") >>> m.group('first_name') 'Malcolm' >>> m.group('last_name') 'Reynolds' </pre></div> </div> Named groups can also be referred to by their index: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m.group(1) 'Malcolm' >>> m.group(2) 'Reynolds' </pre></div> </div> If a group matches multiple times, only the last match is accessible: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(..)+", "a1b2c3") # Matches 3 times. >>> m.group(1) # Returns only the last match. 'c3' </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.groups"> <tt class="descname">groups</tt><big>(</big>[default]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.groups" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a tuple containing all the subgroups of the match, from 1 up to however many groups are in the pattern. The default argument is used for groups that did not participate in the match; it defaults to <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. (Incompatibility note: in the original Python 1.5 release, if the tuple was one element long, a string would be returned instead. In later versions (from 1.5.1 on), a singleton tuple is returned in such cases.) For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)", "24.1632") >>> m.groups() ('24', '1632') </pre></div> </div> If we make the decimal place and everything after it optional, not all groups might participate in the match. These groups will default to <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> unless the default argument is given: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?", "24") >>> m.groups() # Second group defaults to None. ('24', None) >>> m.groups('0') # Now, the second group defaults to '0'. ('24', '0') </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.groupdict"> <tt class="descname">groupdict</tt><big>(</big>[default]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.groupdict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a dictionary containing all the named subgroups of the match, keyed by the subgroup name. The default argument is used for groups that did not participate in the match; it defaults to <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> m = re.match(r"(?P<first_name>\w+) (?P<last_name>\w+)", "Malcolm Reynolds") >>> m.groupdict() {'first_name': 'Malcolm', 'last_name': 'Reynolds'} </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.start"> <tt class="descname">start</tt><big>(</big>[group]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="re.MatchObject.end"> <tt class="descname">end</tt><big>(</big>[group]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.end" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the indices of the start and end of the substring matched by group; group defaults to zero (meaning the whole matched substring). Return <tt class="docutils literal">-1</tt> if group exists but did not contribute to the match. For a match object m, and a group g that did contribute to the match, the substring matched by group g (equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">m.group(g)</tt>) is <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>m.string[m.start(g):m.end(g)] </pre></div> </div> Note that <tt class="docutils literal">m.start(group)</tt> will equal <tt class="docutils literal">m.end(group)</tt> if group matched a null string. For example, after <tt class="docutils literal">m = re.search('b(c?)', 'cba')</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">m.start(0)</tt> is 1, <tt class="docutils literal">m.end(0)</tt> is 2, <tt class="docutils literal">m.start(1)</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">m.end(1)</tt> are both 2, and <tt class="docutils literal">m.start(2)</tt> raises an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IndexError" title="exceptions.IndexError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">IndexError</tt></a> exception. An example that will remove remove_this from email addresses: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> email = "tony@tiremove_thisger.net" >>> m = re.search("remove_this", email) >>> email[:m.start()] + email[m.end():] 'tony@tiger.net' </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.span"> <tt class="descname">span</tt><big>(</big>[group]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.span" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>For <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> m, return the 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(m.start(group), m.end(group))</tt>. Note that if group did not contribute to the match, this is <tt class="docutils literal">(-1, -1)</tt>. group defaults to zero, the entire match. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.pos"> <tt class="descname">pos</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The value of pos which was passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.match" title="re.RegexObject.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a> method of the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject" title="re.RegexObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">RegexObject</tt></a>. This is the index into the string at which the RE engine started looking for a match. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.endpos"> <tt class="descname">endpos</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.endpos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The value of endpos which was passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.match" title="re.RegexObject.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a> method of the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject" title="re.RegexObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">RegexObject</tt></a>. This is the index into the string beyond which the RE engine will not go. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.lastindex"> <tt class="descname">lastindex</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.lastindex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The integer index of the last matched capturing group, or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if no group was matched at all. For example, the expressions <tt class="docutils literal">(a)b</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">((a)(b))</tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal">((ab))</tt> will have <tt class="docutils literal">lastindex == 1</tt> if applied to the string <tt class="docutils literal">'ab'</tt>, while the expression <tt class="docutils literal">(a)(b)</tt> will have <tt class="docutils literal">lastindex == 2</tt>, if applied to the same string. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.lastgroup"> <tt class="descname">lastgroup</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.lastgroup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The name of the last matched capturing group, or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if the group didn’t have a name, or if no group was matched at all. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.re"> <tt class="descname">re</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.re" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The regular expression object whose <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.match" title="re.RegexObject.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a> method produced this <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instance. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="re.MatchObject.string"> <tt class="descname">string</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#re.MatchObject.string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The string passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.match" title="re.RegexObject.match"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">match()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#re.RegexObject.search" title="re.RegexObject.search"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">search()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="examples"> <h2>7.2.5. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="checking-for-a-pair"> <h3>7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-for-a-pair" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> In this example, we’ll use the following helper function to display match objects a little more gracefully: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>def displaymatch(match): if match is None: return None return '<Match: %r, groups=%r>' % (match.group(), match.groups()) </pre></div> </div> Suppose you are writing a poker program where a player’s hand is represented as a 5-character string with each character representing a card, “a” for ace, “k” for king, “q” for queen, “j” for jack, “t” for 10, and “2” through “9” representing the card with that value. To see if a given string is a valid hand, one could do the following: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> valid = re.compile(r"^[a2-9tjqk]{5}$") >>> displaymatch(valid.match("akt5q")) # Valid. "<Match: 'akt5q', groups=()>" >>> displaymatch(valid.match("akt5e")) # Invalid. >>> displaymatch(valid.match("akt")) # Invalid. >>> displaymatch(valid.match("727ak")) # Valid. "<Match: '727ak', groups=()>" </pre></div> </div> That last hand, <tt class="docutils literal">"727ak"</tt>, contained a pair, or two of the same valued cards. To match this with a regular expression, one could use backreferences as such: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> pair = re.compile(r".*(.).*\1") >>> displaymatch(pair.match("717ak")) # Pair of 7s. "<Match: '717', groups=('7',)>" >>> displaymatch(pair.match("718ak")) # No pairs. >>> displaymatch(pair.match("354aa")) # Pair of aces. "<Match: '354aa', groups=('a',)>" </pre></div> </div> To find out what card the pair consists of, one could use the <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject.group" title="re.MatchObject.group"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">group()</tt></a> method of <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> in the following manner: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> pair.match("717ak").group(1) '7' # Error because re.match() returns None, which doesn't have a group() method: >>> pair.match("718ak").group(1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#23>", line 1, in <module> re.match(r".*(.).*\1", "718ak").group(1) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'group' >>> pair.match("354aa").group(1) 'a' </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="simulating-scanf"> <h3>7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()<a class="headerlink" href="#simulating-scanf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Python does not currently have an equivalent to <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">scanf()</tt>. Regular expressions are generally more powerful, though also more verbose, than <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">scanf()</tt> format strings. The table below offers some more-or-less equivalent mappings between <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">scanf()</tt> format tokens and regular expressions. <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="42%" /> <col width="58%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">scanf()</tt> Token</th> <th class="head">Regular Expression</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%c</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">.</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%5c</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">.{5}</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%d</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">[-+]?\d+</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%e</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">%E</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">%f</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">%g</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">[-+]?(\d+(\.\d*)?|\.\d+)([eE][-+]?\d+)?</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%i</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">[-+]?(0[xX][\dA-Fa-f]+|0[0-7]*|\d+)</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%o</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">[-+]?[0-7]+</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%s</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">\S+</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%u</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">\d+</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">%x</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">%X</tt></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">[-+]?(0[xX])?[\dA-Fa-f]+</tt></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> To extract the filename and numbers from a string like <div class="highlight-python"><pre>/usr/sbin/sendmail - 0 errors, 4 warnings</pre> </div> you would use a <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">scanf()</tt> format like <div class="highlight-python"><pre>%s - %d errors, %d warnings</pre> </div> The equivalent regular expression would be <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(\S+) - (\d+) errors, (\d+) warnings</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="search-vs-match"> <h3>7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()<a class="headerlink" href="#search-vs-match" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Python offers two different primitive operations based on regular expressions: <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.match()</tt></a> checks for a match only at the beginning of the string, while <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">re.search()</tt></a> checks for a match anywhere in the string (this is what Perl does by default). For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.match("c", "abcdef") # No match >>> re.search("c", "abcdef") # Match <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> Regular expressions beginning with <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt> can be used with <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> to restrict the match at the beginning of the string: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.match("c", "abcdef") # No match >>> re.search("^c", "abcdef") # No match >>> re.search("^a", "abcdef") # Match <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> Note however that in <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MULTILINE" title="re.MULTILINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">MULTILINE</tt></a> mode <a class="reference internal" href="#re.match" title="re.match"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">match()</tt></a> only matches at the beginning of the string, whereas using <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> with a regular expression beginning with <tt class="docutils literal">'^'</tt> will match at the beginning of each line. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.match('X', 'A\nB\nX', re.MULTILINE) # No match >>> re.search('^X', 'A\nB\nX', re.MULTILINE) # Match <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="making-a-phonebook"> <h3>7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook<a class="headerlink" href="#making-a-phonebook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <a class="reference internal" href="#re.split" title="re.split"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">split()</tt></a> splits a string into a list delimited by the passed pattern. The method is invaluable for converting textual data into data structures that can be easily read and modified by Python as demonstrated in the following example that creates a phonebook. First, here is the input. Normally it may come from a file, here we are using triple-quoted string syntax: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> text = """Ross McFluff: 834.345.1254 155 Elm Street ... ... Ronald Heathmore: 892.345.3428 436 Finley Avenue ... Frank Burger: 925.541.7625 662 South Dogwood Way ... ... ... Heather Albrecht: 548.326.4584 919 Park Place""" </pre></div> </div> The entries are separated by one or more newlines. Now we convert the string into a list with each nonempty line having its own entry: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> entries = re.split("\n+", text) >>> entries ['Ross McFluff: 834.345.1254 155 Elm Street', 'Ronald Heathmore: 892.345.3428 436 Finley Avenue', 'Frank Burger: 925.541.7625 662 South Dogwood Way', 'Heather Albrecht: 548.326.4584 919 Park Place'] </pre></div> </div> Finally, split each entry into a list with first name, last name, telephone number, and address. We use the <tt class="docutils literal">maxsplit</tt> parameter of <a class="reference internal" href="#re.split" title="re.split"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">split()</tt></a> because the address has spaces, our splitting pattern, in it: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> [re.split(":? ", entry, 3) for entry in entries] [['Ross', 'McFluff', '834.345.1254', '155 Elm Street'], ['Ronald', 'Heathmore', '892.345.3428', '436 Finley Avenue'], ['Frank', 'Burger', '925.541.7625', '662 South Dogwood Way'], ['Heather', 'Albrecht', '548.326.4584', '919 Park Place']] </pre></div> </div> The <tt class="docutils literal">:?</tt> pattern matches the colon after the last name, so that it does not occur in the result list. With a <tt class="docutils literal">maxsplit</tt> of <tt class="docutils literal">4</tt>, we could separate the house number from the street name: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> [re.split(":? ", entry, 4) for entry in entries] [['Ross', 'McFluff', '834.345.1254', '155', 'Elm Street'], ['Ronald', 'Heathmore', '892.345.3428', '436', 'Finley Avenue'], ['Frank', 'Burger', '925.541.7625', '662', 'South Dogwood Way'], ['Heather', 'Albrecht', '548.326.4584', '919', 'Park Place']] </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="text-munging"> <h3>7.2.5.5. Text Munging<a class="headerlink" href="#text-munging" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <a class="reference internal" href="#re.sub" title="re.sub"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">sub()</tt></a> replaces every occurrence of a pattern with a string or the result of a function. This example demonstrates using <a class="reference internal" href="#re.sub" title="re.sub"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">sub()</tt></a> with a function to “munge” text, or randomize the order of all the characters in each word of a sentence except for the first and last characters: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> def repl(m): ... inner_word = list(m.group(2)) ... random.shuffle(inner_word) ... return m.group(1) + "".join(inner_word) + m.group(3) >>> text = "Professor Abdolmalek, please report your absences promptly." >>> re.sub(r"(\w)(\w+)(\w)", repl, text) 'Poefsrosr Aealmlobdk, pslaee reorpt your abnseces plmrptoy.' >>> re.sub(r"(\w)(\w+)(\w)", repl, text) 'Pofsroser Aodlambelk, plasee reoprt yuor asnebces potlmrpy.' </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="finding-all-adverbs"> <h3>7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs<a class="headerlink" href="#finding-all-adverbs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <a class="reference internal" href="#re.findall" title="re.findall"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">findall()</tt></a> matches all occurrences of a pattern, not just the first one as <a class="reference internal" href="#re.search" title="re.search"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">search()</tt></a> does. For example, if one was a writer and wanted to find all of the adverbs in some text, he or she might use <a class="reference internal" href="#re.findall" title="re.findall"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">findall()</tt></a> in the following manner: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> text = "He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police." >>> re.findall(r"\w+ly", text) ['carefully', 'quickly'] </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions"> <h3>7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions<a class="headerlink" href="#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> If one wants more information about all matches of a pattern than the matched text, <a class="reference internal" href="#re.finditer" title="re.finditer"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">finditer()</tt></a> is useful as it provides instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#re.MatchObject" title="re.MatchObject"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">MatchObject</tt></a> instead of strings. Continuing with the previous example, if one was a writer who wanted to find all of the adverbs and their positions in some text, he or she would use <a class="reference internal" href="#re.finditer" title="re.finditer"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">finditer()</tt></a> in the following manner: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> text = "He was carefully disguised but captured quickly by police." >>> for m in re.finditer(r"\w+ly", text): ... print '%02d-%02d: %s' % (m.start(), m.end(), m.group(0)) 07-16: carefully 40-47: quickly </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="raw-string-notation"> <h3>7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation<a class="headerlink" href="#raw-string-notation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Raw string notation (<tt class="docutils literal">r"text"</tt>) keeps regular expressions sane. Without it, every backslash (<tt class="docutils literal">'\'</tt>) in a regular expression would have to be prefixed with another one to escape it. For example, the two following lines of code are functionally identical: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.match(r"\W(.)\1\W", " ff ") <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> >>> re.match("\\W(.)\\1\\W", " ff ") <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> When one wants to match a literal backslash, it must be escaped in the regular expression. With raw string notation, this means <tt class="docutils literal">r"\\"</tt>. Without raw string notation, one must use <tt class="docutils literal">"\\\\"</tt>, making the following lines of code functionally identical: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> re.match(r"\\", r"\\") <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> >>> re.match("\\\\", r"\\") <_sre.SRE_Match object at ...> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">7.2. <tt class="docutils literal">re</tt> — Regular expression operations</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#regular-expression-syntax">7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-contents">7.2.2. Module Contents</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#regular-expression-objects">7.2.3. Regular Expression Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#match-objects">7.2.4. Match Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">7.2.5. Examples</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-for-a-pair">7.2.5.1. Checking For a Pair</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#simulating-scanf">7.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#search-vs-match">7.2.5.3. search() vs. match()</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-a-phonebook">7.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#text-munging">7.2.5.5. Text Munging</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-all-adverbs">7.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">7.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#raw-string-notation">7.2.5.8. Raw String Notation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <a href="string.html" title="previous chapter">7.1. <tt class="docutils literal">string</tt> — Common string operations</a> <h4>Next topic</h4> <a href="struct.html" title="next chapter">7.3. <tt class="docutils literal">struct</tt> — Interpret strings as packed binary data</a> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/re.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="struct.html" title="7.3. struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="string.html" title="7.1. string — Common string operations" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="strings.html" >7. String Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>

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gc.html	25.75 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gdbm.html	15.965 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gensuitemodule.html	11.513 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getopt.html	23.662 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getpass.html	10.652 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gettext.html	78.757 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
gl.html	22.094 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
glob.html	13.26 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
grp.html	10.494 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
gzip.html	18.985 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hashlib.html	18.198 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
heapq.html	31.61 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hmac.html	10.464 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hotshot.html	18.649 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
htmllib.html	25.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
htmlparser.html	39.114 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
httplib.html	62.95 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
i18n.html	9.523 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
ic.html	17.169 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
idle.html	20.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
imageop.html	14.765 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
imaplib.html	51.986 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imgfile.html	11.712 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imghdr.html	11.297 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imp.html	34.344 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
importlib.html	8.258 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imputil.html	31.808 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
index.html	72.778 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
inspect.html	50.705 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
internet.html	24.872 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
intro.html	8.935 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
io.html	98.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
ipc.html	13.405 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
itertools.html	115.905 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
jpeg.html	12.743 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
json.html	67.037 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
keyword.html	7.677 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
language.html	11.027 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
linecache.html	10.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
locale.html	55.137 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
logging.config.html	63.355 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.handlers.html	69.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.html	95.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mac.html	21.787 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macos.html	14.758 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macosa.html	12.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macostools.html	15.516 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macpath.html	7.764 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailbox.html	156.753 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailcap.html	13.215 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
markup.html	18.772 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
marshal.html	17.977 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
math.html	39.242 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
md5.html	13.968 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mhlib.html	21.537 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetools.html	19.251 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetypes.html	28.39 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimewriter.html	15.016 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimify.html	13.361 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
miniaeframe.html	12.199 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
misc.html	6.868 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mm.html	9.032 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mmap.html	28.364 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modulefinder.html	15.313 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modules.html	8.456 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msilib.html	52.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msvcrt.html	19.372 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multifile.html	24.297 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multiprocessing.html	365.706 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
mutex.html	11.231 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netdata.html	16.983 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netrc.html	12.305 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
new.html	12.122 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nis.html	10.636 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nntplib.html	41.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numbers.html	37.748 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numeric.html	13.553 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
operator.html	82 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
optparse.html	222.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
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os.path.html	38.341 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
ossaudiodev.html	41.503 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
othergui.html	9.084 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
parser.html	39.363 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pdb.html	33.961 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
persistence.html	14.865 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickle.html	102.271 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickletools.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pipes.html	18.01 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pkgutil.html	25.107 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
platform.html	28.367 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
plistlib.html	17.028 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
popen2.html	25.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
poplib.html	22.321 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posix.html	14.413 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posixfile.html	19.763 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pprint.html	29.922 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
profile.html	63.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pty.html	9.478 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pwd.html	11.428 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
py_compile.html	11.116 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyclbr.html	14.707 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pydoc.html	11.484 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyexpat.html	71.528 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
python.html	12.274 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
queue.html	24.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
quopri.html	11.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
random.html	37.835 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
re.html	134.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
readline.html	28.24 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
repr.html	20.427 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
resource.html	26.483 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
restricted.html	11.647 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rexec.html	37.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rfc822.html	42.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rlcompleter.html	13.506 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
robotparser.html	12.268 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
runpy.html	19.339 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sched.html	18.543 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
scrolledtext.html	9.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
select.html	39.672 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sets.html	36.918 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgi.html	9.712 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgmllib.html	30.771 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sha.html	12.088 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shelve.html	27.021 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shlex.html	32.102 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shutil.html	40.218 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
signal.html	31.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplehttpserver.html	18.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplexmlrpcserver.html	31.388 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
site.html	23.637 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
smtpd.html	12.465 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
smtplib.html	42.127 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sndhdr.html	10.018 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socket.html	106.338 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socketserver.html	59.829 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
someos.html	15.106 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
spwd.html	10.328 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sqlite3.html	139.502 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
ssl.html	65.622 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
stat.html	32.31 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
statvfs.html	10.604 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
stdtypes.html	260.401 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
string.html	106.649 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringio.html	18.813 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringprep.html	16.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
strings.html	14.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
struct.html	40.878 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
subprocess.html	84.912 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sun.html	6.843 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunau.html	27.104 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunaudio.html	17.795 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
symbol.html	7.66 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
symtable.html	22.937 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sys.html	98.698 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sysconfig.html	23.844 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
syslog.html	17.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tabnanny.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tarfile.html	78.683 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
telnetlib.html	25.479 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tempfile.html	29.416 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
termios.html	16.011 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
test.html	52.621 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
textwrap.html	27.253 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
thread.html	20.468 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
threading.html	76.69 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
time.html	56.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
timeit.html	36.267 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tix.html	46.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tk.html	23.644 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tkinter.html	67.666 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
token.html	19.617 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tokenize.html	18.445 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
trace.html	25.535 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
traceback.html	33.438 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
ttk.html	101.749 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
tty.html	9.058 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
turtle.html	211.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
types.html	27.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
undoc.html	23.156 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unicodedata.html	18.546 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unittest.html	202.848 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
unix.html	10.551 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib.html	58.682 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib2.html	100.578 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urlparse.html	40.414 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
user.html	11.826 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
userdict.html	29.729 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
uu.html	11.026 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
uuid.html	28.191 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
warnings.html	46.599 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
wave.html	22.216 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
weakref.html	36.521 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
webbrowser.html	23.065 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
whichdb.html	8.853 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
windows.html	9.335 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
winsound.html	18.747 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
wsgiref.html	81.043 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xdrlib.html	29.94 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xml.dom.html	89.044 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.dom.minidom.html	40.42 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.dom.pulldom.html	12.705 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.etree.elementtree.html	93.219 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.html	16.493 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xml.sax.handler.html	38.632 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.html	20.221 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.reader.html	39.086 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.utils.html	14.257 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xmlrpclib.html	60.79 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zipfile.html	53.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zipimport.html	20.425 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zlib.html	25.461 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:20	root / root	0644

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