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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="17. 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Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-socket"> <h1>17.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">socket</tt></a> — Low-level networking interface<a class="headerlink" href="#module-socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS, OS/2, and probably additional platforms. <div class="admonition note"> Note Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs. </div> For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers: An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Stuart Sechrest and An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Samuel J. Leffler et al, both in the UNIX Programmer’s Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of socket semantics. For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2) specification. For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want to refer to <a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3493.html">RFC 3493</a> titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6. The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system call and library interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a> function returns a socket object whose methods implement the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">read()</tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">write()</tt> operations on Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send operations. Socket addresses are represented as follows: A single string is used for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_UNIX</tt></a> address family. A pair <tt class="docutils literal">(host, port)</tt> is used for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> address family, where host is a string representing either a hostname in Internet domain notation like <tt class="docutils literal">'daring.cwi.nl'</tt> or an IPv4 address like <tt class="docutils literal">'100.50.200.5'</tt>, and port is an integer. For <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a> address family, a four-tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(host, port, flowinfo, scopeid)</tt> is used, where flowinfo and scopeid represents <tt class="docutils literal">sin6_flowinfo</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">sin6_scope_id</tt> member in <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">struct sockaddr_in6</tt> in C. For <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">socket</tt></a> module methods, flowinfo and scopeid can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of scopeid can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses. Other address families are currently not supported. The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was created. For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: the empty string represents <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">INADDR_ANY</tt>, and the string <tt class="docutils literal">'<broadcast>'</tt> represents <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">INADDR_BROADCAST</tt>. The behavior is not available for IPv6 for backward compatibility, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with your Python programs. If you use a hostname in the host portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in host portion. New in version 2.5: AF_NETLINK sockets are represented as pairs <tt class="docutils literal">pid, groups</tt>. New in version 2.6: Linux-only support for TIPC is also available using the <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_TIPC</tt> address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is <tt class="docutils literal">(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])</tt>, where:<ul> <li>addr_type is one of <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ</tt>, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_NAME</tt>, or <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_ID</tt>. </li> <li>scope is one of <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE</tt>, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE</tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_NODE_SCOPE</tt>. </li> <li>If addr_type is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_NAME</tt>, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the port identifier, and v3 should be 0. If addr_type is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ</tt>, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the lower port number, and v3 is the upper port number. If addr_type is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">TIPC_ADDR_ID</tt>, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be set to 0. </li> </ul> All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors related to socket or address semantics raise the error <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a>. Non-blocking mode is supported through <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">setblocking()</tt></a>. A generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">settimeout()</tt></a>. The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">socket</tt></a> exports the following constants and functions: <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.error"> exception <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This exception is raised for socket-related errors. The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(errno, string)</tt> representing an error returned by a system call, similar to the value accompanying <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">os.error</tt></a>. See the module <a class="reference internal" href="errno.html#module-errno" title="errno: Standard errno system symbols."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">errno</tt></a>, which contains names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system. Changed in version 2.6: <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a> is now a child class of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">IOError</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.herror"> exception <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">herror</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.herror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use h_errno in the C API, including <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyname_ex()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyaddr()</tt></a>. The accompanying value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(h_errno, string)</tt> representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of h_errno, as returned by the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">hstrerror()</tt> C function. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.gaierror"> exception <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gaierror</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gaierror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This exception is raised for address-related errors, for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getaddrinfo()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getnameinfo" title="socket.getnameinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getnameinfo()</tt></a>. The accompanying value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(error, string)</tt> representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of error, as returned by the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">gai_strerror()</tt> C function. The error value will match one of the <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">EAI_*</tt> constants defined in this module. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.timeout"> exception <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">timeout</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.timeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">settimeout()</tt>. The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always “timed out”. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.AF_UNIX"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_UNIX</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.AF_INET"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_INET</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.AF_INET6"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_INET6</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a>. If the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_UNIX</tt></a> constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.SOCK_STREAM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_STREAM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_DGRAM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_RAW"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_RAW</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_RAW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_RDM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_RDM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_RDM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_SEQPACKET</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a>. (Only <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="socket.SOCK_STREAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SOCK_STREAM</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SOCK_DGRAM</tt></a> appear to be generally useful.) </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">SO_*</tt></dt> <dt id="socket.SOMAXCONN"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOMAXCONN</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOMAXCONN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">MSG_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">SOL_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPPROTO_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPPORT_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">INADDR_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IP_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPV6_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">EAI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">AI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">NI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">TCP_*</tt></dt> <dd>Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are generally used in arguments to the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">setsockopt()</tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">getsockopt()</tt> methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">SIO_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">RCVALL_*</tt></dt> <dd>Constants for Windows’ WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">ioctl()</tt> method of socket objects. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">TIPC_*</tt></dt> <dd>TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See the TIPC documentation for more information. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.has_ipv6"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">has_ipv6</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.has_ipv6" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on this platform. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.create_connection"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">create_connection</tt><big>(</big>address[, timeout[, source_address]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.create_connection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet address (a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(host, port)</tt>), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">socket.connect()</tt></a>: if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a>, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6. Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getdefaulttimeout" title="socket.getdefaulttimeout"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getdefaulttimeout()</tt></a> is used. If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(host, port)</tt> for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used. New in version 2.6. Changed in version 2.7: source_address was added. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getaddrinfo"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getaddrinfo</tt><big>(</big>host, port[, family[, socktype[, proto[, flags]]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate the host/port argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. host is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. port is a string service name such as <tt class="docutils literal">'http'</tt>, a numeric port number or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. By passing <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> as the value of host and port, you can pass <tt class="docutils literal">NULL</tt> to the underlying C API. The family, socktype and proto arguments can be optionally specified in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. By default, their value is <tt class="docutils literal">0</tt>, meaning that the full range of results is selected. The flags argument can be one or several of the <tt class="docutils literal">AI_*</tt> constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. Its default value is <tt class="docutils literal">0</tt>. For example, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AI_NUMERICHOST</tt> will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if host is a domain name. The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure: <tt class="docutils literal">(family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr)</tt> In these tuples, family, socktype, proto are all integers and are meant to be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a> function. canonname will be a string representing the canonical name of the host if <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AI_CANONNAME</tt> is part of the flags argument; else canonname will be empty. sockaddr is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned family (a <tt class="docutils literal">(address, port)</tt> 2-tuple for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a>, a <tt class="docutils literal">(address, port, flow info, scope id)</tt> 4-tuple for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a>), and is meant to be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">socket.connect()</tt></a> method. The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to <tt class="docutils literal">www.python.org</tt> on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled): <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> socket.getaddrinfo("www.python.org", 80, 0, 0, socket.SOL_TCP) [(2, 1, 6, '', ('82.94.164.162', 80)), (10, 1, 6, '', ('2001:888:2000:d::a2', 80, 0, 0))] </pre></div> </div> New in version 2.2. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getfqdn"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getfqdn</tt><big>(</big>[name]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getfqdn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a fully qualified domain name for name. If name is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyaddr()</tt></a> is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostname" title="socket.gethostname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostname()</tt></a> is returned. New in version 2.0. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyname</tt><big>(</big>hostname<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as <tt class="docutils literal">'100.50.200.5'</tt>. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyname_ex()</tt></a> for a more complete interface. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname" title="socket.gethostbyname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyname()</tt></a> does not support IPv6 name resolution, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getaddrinfo()</tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyname_ex"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyname_ex</tt><big>(</big>hostname<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a triple <tt class="docutils literal">(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)</tt> where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address). <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyname_ex()</tt></a> does not support IPv6 name resolution, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getaddrinfo()</tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostname</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing. If you want to know the current machine’s IP address, you may want to use <tt class="docutils literal">gethostbyname(gethostname())</tt>. This operation assumes that there is a valid address-to-host mapping for the host, and the assumption does not always hold. Note: <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostname" title="socket.gethostname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostname()</tt></a> doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; use <tt class="docutils literal">getfqdn()</tt> (see above). </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyaddr"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyaddr</tt><big>(</big>ip_address<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a triple <tt class="docutils literal">(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)</tt> where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getfqdn" title="socket.getfqdn"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">getfqdn()</tt></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">gethostbyaddr()</tt></a> supports both IPv4 and IPv6. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getnameinfo"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getnameinfo</tt><big>(</big>sockaddr, flags<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getnameinfo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate a socket address sockaddr into a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(host, port)</tt>. Depending on the settings of flags, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in host. Similarly, port can contain a string port name or a numeric port number. New in version 2.2. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getprotobyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getprotobyname</tt><big>(</big>protocolname<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getprotobyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, <tt class="docutils literal">'icmp'</tt>) to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a> function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in “raw” mode (<a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_RAW" title="socket.SOCK_RAW"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SOCK_RAW</tt></a>); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getservbyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getservbyname</tt><big>(</big>servicename[, protocolname]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getservbyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be <tt class="docutils literal">'tcp'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'udp'</tt>, otherwise any protocol will match. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getservbyport"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getservbyport</tt><big>(</big>port[, protocolname]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getservbyport" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be <tt class="docutils literal">'tcp'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'udp'</tt>, otherwise any protocol will match. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.socket"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">socket</tt><big>(</big>[family[, type[, proto]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_UNIX</tt></a>. The socket type should be <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="socket.SOCK_STREAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SOCK_STREAM</tt></a> (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SOCK_DGRAM</tt></a> or perhaps one of the other <tt class="docutils literal">SOCK_</tt> constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.socketpair"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">socketpair</tt><big>(</big>[family[, type[, proto]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socketpair" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a> function above. The default family is <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_UNIX</tt></a> if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a>. Availability: Unix. New in version 2.4. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.fromfd"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">fromfd</tt><big>(</big>fd, family, type[, proto]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.fromfd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Duplicate the file descriptor fd (an integer as returned by a file object’s <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">fileno()</tt> method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a> function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. Availability: Unix. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.ntohl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ntohl</tt><big>(</big>x<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.ntohl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.ntohs"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ntohs</tt><big>(</big>x<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.ntohs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.htonl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">htonl</tt><big>(</big>x<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.htonl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.htons"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">htons</tt><big>(</big>x<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.htons" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_aton"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_aton</tt><big>(</big>ip_string<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’) to 32-bit packed binary format, as a string four characters in length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in_addr</tt>, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_aton()</tt></a> also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the Unix manual page inet(3) for details. If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a> will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on the underlying C implementation of <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">inet_aton()</tt>. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_aton()</tt></a> does not support IPv6, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="socket.inet_pton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_pton()</tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_ntoa"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_ntoa</tt><big>(</big>packed_ip<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a string four characters in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in_addr</tt>, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an argument. If the string passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in length, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a> will be raised. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="socket.inet_ntoa"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_ntoa()</tt></a> does not support IPv6, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_ntop()</tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_pton"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_pton</tt><big>(</big>address_family, ip_string<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, binary format. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="socket.inet_pton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_pton()</tt></a> is useful when a library or network protocol calls for an object of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in_addr</tt> (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_aton()</tt></a>) or <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in6_addr</tt>. Supported values for address_family are currently <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a>. If the IP address string ip_string is invalid, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a> will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on both the value of address_family and the underlying implementation of <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">inet_pton()</tt>. Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms). New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_ntop"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_ntop</tt><big>(</big>address_family, packed_ip<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Convert a packed IP address (a string of some number of characters) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for example, <tt class="docutils literal">'7.10.0.5'</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">'5aef:2b::8'</tt>) <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_ntop()</tt></a> is useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in_addr</tt> (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="socket.inet_ntoa"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_ntoa()</tt></a>) or <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal">struct in6_addr</tt>. Supported values for address_family are currently <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET6</tt></a>. If the string packed_ip is not the correct length for the specified address family, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ValueError</tt></a> will be raised. A <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">socket.error</tt></a> is raised for errors from the call to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">inet_ntop()</tt></a>. Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms). New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getdefaulttimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getdefaulttimeout</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getdefaulttimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.setdefaulttimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setdefaulttimeout</tt><big>(</big>timeout<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.setdefaulttimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.SocketType"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SocketType</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SocketType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the same as <tt class="docutils literal">type(socket(...))</tt>. </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#module-SocketServer" title="SocketServer: A framework for network servers."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">SocketServer</tt></a></dt> <dd>Classes that simplify writing network servers.</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">ssl</tt></a></dt> <dd>A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="socket-objects"> <h2>17.2.1. Socket Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#socket-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> Socket objects have the following methods. Except for <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">makefile()</tt> these correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets. <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.accept"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">accept</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(conn, address)</tt> where conn is a new socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.bind"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">bind</tt><big>(</big>address<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.bind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Bind the socket to address. The socket must not already be bound. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) <div class="admonition note"> Note This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.close"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected. <div class="admonition note"> Note <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.close" title="socket.socket.close"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">close()</tt></a> releases the resource associated with a connection but does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want to close the connection in a timely fashion, call <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.shutdown" title="socket.socket.shutdown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">shutdown()</tt></a> before <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.close" title="socket.socket.close"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">close()</tt></a>. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.connect"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">connect</tt><big>(</big>address<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Connect to a remote socket at address. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) <div class="admonition note"> Note This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.connect_ex"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">connect_ex</tt><big>(</big>address<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.connect_ex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Like <tt class="docutils literal">connect(address)</tt>, but return an error indicator instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">connect()</tt> call (other problems, such as “host not found,” can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is <tt class="docutils literal">0</tt> if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the <tt class="xref c c-data docutils literal">errno</tt> variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects. <div class="admonition note"> Note This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">AF_INET</tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.fileno"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">fileno</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the socket’s file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful with <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">select.select()</tt></a>. Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a file descriptor can be used (such as <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fdopen" title="os.fdopen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.fdopen()</tt></a>). Unix does not have this limitation. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getpeername"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getpeername</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getpeername" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) On some systems this function is not supported. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getsockname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getsockname</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getsockname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the socket’s own address. This is useful to find out the port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getsockopt"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getsockopt</tt><big>(</big>level, optname[, buflen]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getsockopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page getsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants (<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SO_*</tt> etc.) are defined in this module. If buflen is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function. If buflen is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="struct.html#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">struct</tt></a> for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.ioctl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ioctl</tt><big>(</big>control, option<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.ioctl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Platform :</th><td class="field-body">Windows</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.ioctl" title="socket.socket.ioctl"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">ioctl()</tt></a> method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system interface. Please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms741621%28VS.85%29.aspx">Win32 documentation</a> for more information. On other platforms, the generic <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.fcntl" title="fcntl.fcntl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">fcntl.fcntl()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.ioctl" title="fcntl.ioctl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">fcntl.ioctl()</tt></a> functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.listen"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">listen</tt><big>(</big>backlog<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.listen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Listen for connections made to the socket. The backlog argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 0; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5), the minimum value is forced to 0. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.makefile"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">makefile</tt><big>(</big>[mode[, bufsize]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return a file object associated with the socket. (File objects are described in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bltin-file-objects">File Objects</a>.) The file object references a <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">dup()</tt>ped version of the socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be closed or garbage-collected independently. The socket must be in blocking mode (it can not have a timeout). The optional mode and bufsize arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#file" title="file"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">file()</tt></a> function. <div class="admonition note"> Note On Windows, the file-like object created by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="socket.socket.makefile"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">makefile()</tt></a> cannot be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the stream arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">subprocess.Popen()</tt></a>. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recv"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recv</tt><big>(</big>bufsize[, flags]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by bufsize. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. <div class="admonition note"> Note For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of bufsize should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recvfrom"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recvfrom</tt><big>(</big>bufsize[, flags]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recvfrom" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(string, address)</tt> where string is a string representing the data received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recvfrom_into"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recvfrom_into</tt><big>(</big>buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recvfrom_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Receive data from the socket, writing it into buffer instead of creating a new string. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal">(nbytes, address)</tt> where nbytes is the number of bytes received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) New in version 2.5. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recv_into"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recv_into</tt><big>(</big>buffer[, nbytes[, flags]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recv_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Receive up to nbytes bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer rather than creating a new string. If nbytes is not specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of bytes received. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. New in version 2.5. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.send"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">send</tt><big>(</big>string[, flags]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further information on this concept, consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/sockets.html#socket-howto">Socket Programming HOWTO</a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.sendall"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendall</tt><big>(</big>string[, flags]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.sendall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> above. Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">send()</tt></a>, this method continues to send data from string until either all data has been sent or an error occurs. <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully sent. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.sendto"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendto</tt><big>(</big>string, address<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.sendto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendto</tt><big>(</big>string, flags, address<big>)</big></dt> <dd>Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by address. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> above. Return the number of bytes sent. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.) </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.setblocking"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setblocking</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if flag is 0, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> call doesn’t find any data, or if a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">send()</tt></a> call can’t immediately dispose of the data, a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">error</tt></a> exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls block until they can proceed. <tt class="docutils literal">s.setblocking(0)</tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">s.settimeout(0.0)</tt>; <tt class="docutils literal">s.setblocking(1)</tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">s.settimeout(None)</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.settimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">settimeout</tt><big>(</big>value<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The value argument can be a nonnegative float expressing seconds, or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. If a float is given, subsequent socket operations will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.timeout" title="socket.timeout"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">timeout</tt></a> exception if the timeout period value has elapsed before the operation has completed. Setting a timeout of <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> disables timeouts on socket operations. <tt class="docutils literal">s.settimeout(0.0)</tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">s.setblocking(0)</tt>; <tt class="docutils literal">s.settimeout(None)</tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal">s.setblocking(1)</tt>. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.gettimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gettimeout</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.gettimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">setblocking()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">settimeout()</tt></a>. New in version 2.3. </dd></dl> Some notes on socket blocking and timeouts: A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or timeout. Sockets are always created in blocking mode. In blocking mode, operations block until complete or the system returns an error (such as connection timed out). In non-blocking mode, operations fail (with an error that is unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed immediately. In timeout mode, operations fail if they cannot be completed within the timeout specified for the socket or if the system returns an error. The <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">setblocking()</tt></a> method is simply a shorthand for certain <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">settimeout()</tt></a> calls. Timeout mode internally sets the socket in non-blocking mode. The blocking and timeout modes are shared between file descriptors and socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint. A consequence of this is that file objects returned by the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="socket.socket.makefile"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">makefile()</tt></a> method must only be used when the socket is in blocking mode; in timeout or non-blocking mode file operations that cannot be completed immediately will fail. Note that the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> operation is subject to the timeout setting, and in general it is recommended to call <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">settimeout()</tt></a> before calling <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> or pass a timeout parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.create_connection" title="socket.create_connection"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">create_connection()</tt></a>. The system network stack may return a connection timeout error of its own regardless of any Python socket timeout setting. <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.setsockopt"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setsockopt</tt><big>(</big>level, optname, value<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.setsockopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page setsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants are defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">socket</tt></a> module (<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SO_*</tt> etc.). The value can be an integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="struct.html#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">struct</tt></a> for a way to encode C structures as strings). </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.shutdown"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">shutdown</tt><big>(</big>how<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.shutdown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If how is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SHUT_RD</tt>, further receives are disallowed. If how is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SHUT_WR</tt>, further sends are disallowed. If how is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SHUT_RDWR</tt>, further sends and receives are disallowed. Depending on the platform, shutting down one half of the connection can also close the opposite half (e.g. on Mac OS X, <tt class="docutils literal">shutdown(SHUT_WR)</tt> does not allow further reads on the other end of the connection). </dd></dl> Note that there are no methods <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">read()</tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">write()</tt>; use <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">send()</tt></a> without flags argument instead. Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the values given to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">socket</tt></a> constructor. <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.family"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">family</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.family" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The socket family. New in version 2.5. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.type"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">type</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The socket type. New in version 2.5. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.proto"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">proto</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.proto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The socket protocol. New in version 2.5. </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="example"> <h2>17.2.2. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.bind" title="socket.socket.bind"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">bind()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.listen" title="socket.socket.listen"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">listen()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">accept()</tt></a> (possibly repeating the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">accept()</tt></a> to service more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">socket()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">connect()</tt></a>. Also note that the server does not <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.sendall" title="socket.socket.sendall"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">sendall()</tt></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">recv()</tt></a> on the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">accept()</tt></a>. The first two examples support IPv4 only. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Echo server program import socket HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.bind((HOST, PORT)) s.listen(1) conn, addr = s.accept() print 'Connected by', addr while 1: data = conn.recv(1024) if not data: break conn.sendall(data) conn.close() </pre></div> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Echo client program import socket HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((HOST, PORT)) s.sendall('Hello, world') data = s.recv(1024) s.close() print 'Received', repr(data) </pre></div> </div> The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try to connect to the all addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected successfully. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Echo server program import socket import sys HOST = None # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port s = None for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE): af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res try: s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto) except socket.error as msg: s = None continue try: s.bind(sa) s.listen(1) except socket.error as msg: s.close() s = None continue break if s is None: print 'could not open socket' sys.exit(1) conn, addr = s.accept() print 'Connected by', addr while 1: data = conn.recv(1024) if not data: break conn.send(data) conn.close() </pre></div> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Echo client program import socket import sys HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server s = None for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM): af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res try: s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto) except socket.error as msg: s = None continue try: s.connect(sa) except socket.error as msg: s.close() s = None continue break if s is None: print 'could not open socket' sys.exit(1) s.sendall('Hello, world') data = s.recv(1024) s.close() print 'Received', repr(data) </pre></div> </div> The last example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with raw sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges to modify the interface: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import socket # the public network interface HOST = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) # create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_IP) s.bind((HOST, 0)) # Include IP headers s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1) # receive all packages s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_ON) # receive a package print s.recvfrom(65565) # disabled promiscuous mode s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF) </pre></div> </div> Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could lead to this error: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>socket.error: [Errno 98] Address already in use</pre> </div> This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a <tt class="docutils literal">TIME_WAIT</tt> state, and can’t be immediately reused. There is a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">socket</tt></a> flag to set, in order to prevent this, <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">socket.SO_REUSEADDR</tt>: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) s.bind((HOST, PORT)) </pre></div> </div> the <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">SO_REUSEADDR</tt> flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in <tt class="docutils literal">TIME_WAIT</tt> state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">17.2. <tt class="docutils literal">socket</tt> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket-objects">17.2.1. Socket Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">17.2.2. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <a href="subprocess.html" title="previous chapter">17.1. <tt class="docutils literal">subprocess</tt> — Subprocess management</a> <h4>Next topic</h4> <a href="ssl.html" title="next chapter">17.3. <tt class="docutils literal">ssl</tt> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/socket.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ssl.html" title="17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="subprocess.html" title="17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="ipc.html" >17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>

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bastion.html	11.04 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
bdb.html	36.682 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
binascii.html	20.665 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
binhex.html	10.577 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
bisect.html	23.236 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
bsddb.html	26.433 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
bz2.html	26.082 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
calendar.html	37.788 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
carbon.html	48.944 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:51	root / root	0644
cd.html	27.96 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
cgi.html	49.924 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
cgihttpserver.html	13.099 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
cgitb.html	11.411 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
chunk.html	14.664 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
cmath.html	25.632 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
cmd.html	26.095 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
code.html	24.577 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
codecs.html	100.638 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
codeop.html	14.841 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:52	root / root	0644
collections.html	133.964 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
colorpicker.html	7.523 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
colorsys.html	11.037 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
commands.html	14.361 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
compileall.html	16.827 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
compiler.html	67.75 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
configparser.html	62.131 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
constants.html	12.834 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
contextlib.html	19.388 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
cookie.html	39.068 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
cookielib.html	83.822 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
copy.html	12.189 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
copy_reg.html	13.765 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
crypt.html	10.041 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
crypto.html	7.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:53	root / root	0644
csv.html	67.371 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:54	root / root	0644
ctypes.html	238.781 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:54	root / root	0644
curses.ascii.html	22.288 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
curses.html	146.633 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
curses.panel.html	14.388 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
custominterp.html	7.624 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
datatypes.html	16.845 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
datetime.html	226.595 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
dbhash.html	15.482 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
dbm.html	12.068 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
debug.html	10.151 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:55	root / root	0644
decimal.html	194.439 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
development.html	14.168 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
difflib.html	84.829 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
dircache.html	11.407 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
dis.html	69.951 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
distutils.html	8.055 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
dl.html	16.327 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:56	root / root	0644
doctest.html	165.542 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
docxmlrpcserver.html	16.432 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
dumbdbm.html	14.021 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
dummy_thread.html	9.432 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
dummy_threading.html	8.368 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
easydialogs.html	30.546 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email-examples.html	45.654 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.charset.html	26.804 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.encoders.html	11.856 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.errors.html	15.767 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.generator.html	20.771 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.header.html	26.922 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.html	44.235 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.iterators.html	11.521 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.message.html	63.156 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.mime.html	27.928 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:57	root / root	0644
email.parser.html	30.452 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
email.util.html	24.461 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
errno.html	37.994 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
exceptions.html	56.126 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fcntl.html	22.673 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
filecmp.html	22.299 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fileformats.html	9.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fileinput.html	24.278 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
filesys.html	10.203 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fl.html	49.923 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fm.html	11.905 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fnmatch.html	14.577 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
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fpectl.html	16.008 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
fpformat.html	10.587 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:58	root / root	0644
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frameworks.html	7.143 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
ftplib.html	43.989 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
functions.html	183.145 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
functools.html	27.169 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
future_builtins.html	13.04 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
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gdbm.html	15.965 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gensuitemodule.html	11.513 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getopt.html	23.662 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getpass.html	10.652 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gettext.html	78.757 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
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htmllib.html	25.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
htmlparser.html	39.114 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
httplib.html	62.95 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
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idle.html	20.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
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imputil.html	31.808 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
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internet.html	24.872 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
intro.html	8.935 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
io.html	98.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
ipc.html	13.405 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
itertools.html	115.905 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
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keyword.html	7.677 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
language.html	11.027 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
linecache.html	10.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
locale.html	55.137 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
logging.config.html	63.355 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.handlers.html	69.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.html	95.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mac.html	21.787 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macos.html	14.758 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macosa.html	12.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macostools.html	15.516 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macpath.html	7.764 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailbox.html	156.753 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailcap.html	13.215 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
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marshal.html	17.977 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
math.html	39.242 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
md5.html	13.968 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mhlib.html	21.537 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetools.html	19.251 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetypes.html	28.39 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimewriter.html	15.016 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimify.html	13.361 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
miniaeframe.html	12.199 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
misc.html	6.868 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
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mmap.html	28.364 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modulefinder.html	15.313 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modules.html	8.456 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msilib.html	52.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msvcrt.html	19.372 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multifile.html	24.297 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multiprocessing.html	365.706 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
mutex.html	11.231 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netdata.html	16.983 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netrc.html	12.305 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
new.html	12.122 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nis.html	10.636 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nntplib.html	41.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numbers.html	37.748 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numeric.html	13.553 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
operator.html	82 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
optparse.html	222.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
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os.path.html	38.341 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
ossaudiodev.html	41.503 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
othergui.html	9.084 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
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pdb.html	33.961 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
persistence.html	14.865 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickle.html	102.271 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickletools.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pipes.html	18.01 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pkgutil.html	25.107 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
platform.html	28.367 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
plistlib.html	17.028 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
popen2.html	25.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
poplib.html	22.321 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posix.html	14.413 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posixfile.html	19.763 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pprint.html	29.922 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
profile.html	63.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pty.html	9.478 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pwd.html	11.428 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
py_compile.html	11.116 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyclbr.html	14.707 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pydoc.html	11.484 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyexpat.html	71.528 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
python.html	12.274 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
queue.html	24.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
quopri.html	11.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
random.html	37.835 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
re.html	134.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
readline.html	28.24 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
repr.html	20.427 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
resource.html	26.483 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
restricted.html	11.647 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rexec.html	37.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rfc822.html	42.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rlcompleter.html	13.506 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
robotparser.html	12.268 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
runpy.html	19.339 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sched.html	18.543 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
scrolledtext.html	9.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
select.html	39.672 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sets.html	36.918 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgi.html	9.712 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgmllib.html	30.771 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sha.html	12.088 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shelve.html	27.021 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shlex.html	32.102 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shutil.html	40.218 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
signal.html	31.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplehttpserver.html	18.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplexmlrpcserver.html	31.388 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
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smtpd.html	12.465 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
smtplib.html	42.127 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sndhdr.html	10.018 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socket.html	106.338 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socketserver.html	59.829 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
someos.html	15.106 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
spwd.html	10.328 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sqlite3.html	139.502 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
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stat.html	32.31 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
statvfs.html	10.604 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
stdtypes.html	260.401 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
string.html	106.649 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringio.html	18.813 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringprep.html	16.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
strings.html	14.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
struct.html	40.878 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
subprocess.html	84.912 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sun.html	6.843 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunau.html	27.104 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunaudio.html	17.795 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
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symtable.html	22.937 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sys.html	98.698 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sysconfig.html	23.844 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
syslog.html	17.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tabnanny.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tarfile.html	78.683 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
telnetlib.html	25.479 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tempfile.html	29.416 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
termios.html	16.011 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
test.html	52.621 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
textwrap.html	27.253 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
thread.html	20.468 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
threading.html	76.69 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
time.html	56.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
timeit.html	36.267 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tix.html	46.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tk.html	23.644 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tkinter.html	67.666 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
token.html	19.617 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tokenize.html	18.445 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
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traceback.html	33.438 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
ttk.html	101.749 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
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turtle.html	211.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
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undoc.html	23.156 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unicodedata.html	18.546 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unittest.html	202.848 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
unix.html	10.551 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib.html	58.682 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib2.html	100.578 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urlparse.html	40.414 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
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userdict.html	29.729 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
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uuid.html	28.191 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
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