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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>11.13. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="11. 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Data Persistence</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-sqlite3"> <h1>11.13. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases<a class="headerlink" href="#module-sqlite3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> New in version 2.5. SQLite is a C library that provides a lightweight disk-based database that doesn’t require a separate server process and allows accessing the database using a nonstandard variant of the SQL query language. Some applications can use SQLite for internal data storage. It’s also possible to prototype an application using SQLite and then port the code to a larger database such as PostgreSQL or Oracle. The sqlite3 module was written by Gerhard Häring. It provides a SQL interface compliant with the DB-API 2.0 specification described by <a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249">PEP 249</a>. To use the module, you must first create a <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> object that represents the database. Here the data will be stored in the <tt class="file docutils literal">example.db</tt> file: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db') </pre></div> </div> You can also supply the special name <tt class="docutils literal">:memory:</tt> to create a database in RAM. Once you have a <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a>, you can create a <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Cursor</tt></a> object and call its <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute()</tt></a> method to perform SQL commands: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>c = conn.cursor() # Create table c.execute('''CREATE TABLE stocks (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)''') # Insert a row of data c.execute("INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)") # Save (commit) the changes conn.commit() # We can also close the connection if we are done with it. # Just be sure any changes have been committed or they will be lost. conn.close() </pre></div> </div> The data you’ve saved is persistent and is available in subsequent sessions: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db') c = conn.cursor() </pre></div> </div> Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables. You shouldn’t assemble your query using Python’s string operations because doing so is insecure; it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack (see <a class="reference external" href="http://xkcd.com/327/">http://xkcd.com/327/</a> for humorous example of what can go wrong). Instead, use the DB-API’s parameter substitution. Put <tt class="docutils literal">?</tt> as a placeholder wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the second argument to the cursor’s <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute()</tt></a> method. (Other database modules may use a different placeholder, such as <tt class="docutils literal">%s</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">:1</tt>.) For example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Never do this -- insecure! symbol = 'RHAT' c.execute("SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = '%s'" % symbol) # Do this instead t = ('RHAT',) c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t) print c.fetchone() # Larger example that inserts many records at a time purchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00), ('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00), ('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00), ] c.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases) </pre></div> </div> To retrieve data after executing a SELECT statement, you can either treat the cursor as an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a>, call the cursor’s <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchone" title="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchone"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">fetchone()</tt></a> method to retrieve a single matching row, or call <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchall" title="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchall"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">fetchall()</tt></a> to get a list of the matching rows. This example uses the iterator form: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> for row in c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks ORDER BY price'): print row (u'2006-01-05', u'BUY', u'RHAT', 100, 35.14) (u'2006-03-28', u'BUY', u'IBM', 1000, 45.0) (u'2006-04-06', u'SELL', u'IBM', 500, 53.0) (u'2006-04-05', u'BUY', u'MSFT', 1000, 72.0) </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/pysqlite/">http://code.google.com/p/pysqlite/</a></dt> <dd>The pysqlite web page – sqlite3 is developed externally under the name “pysqlite”.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlite.org">http://www.sqlite.org</a></dt> <dd>The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the available data types for the supported SQL dialect.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3schools.com/sql/">http://www.w3schools.com/sql/</a></dt> <dd>Tutorial, reference and examples for learning SQL syntax.</dd> <dt><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249">PEP 249</a> - Database API Specification 2.0</dt> <dd>PEP written by Marc-André Lemburg.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="module-functions-and-constants"> <h2>11.13.1. Module functions and constants<a class="headerlink" href="#module-functions-and-constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.version"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">version</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The version number of this module, as a string. This is not the version of the SQLite library. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.version_info"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">version_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.version_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The version number of this module, as a tuple of integers. This is not the version of the SQLite library. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.sqlite_version"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">sqlite_version</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.sqlite_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The version number of the run-time SQLite library, as a string. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.sqlite_version_info"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">sqlite_version_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.sqlite_version_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The version number of the run-time SQLite library, as a tuple of integers. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">PARSE_DECLTYPES</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This constant is meant to be used with the detect_types parameter of the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="sqlite3.connect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> function. Setting it makes the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module parse the declared type for each column it returns. It will parse out the first word of the declared type, i. e. for “integer primary key”, it will parse out “integer”, or for “number(10)” it will parse out “number”. Then for that column, it will look into the converters dictionary and use the converter function registered for that type there. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">PARSE_COLNAMES</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This constant is meant to be used with the detect_types parameter of the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="sqlite3.connect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> function. Setting this makes the SQLite interface parse the column name for each column it returns. It will look for a string formed [mytype] in there, and then decide that ‘mytype’ is the type of the column. It will try to find an entry of ‘mytype’ in the converters dictionary and then use the converter function found there to return the value. The column name found in <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.description" title="sqlite3.Cursor.description"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Cursor.description</tt></a> is only the first word of the column name, i. e. if you use something like <tt class="docutils literal">'as "x [datetime]"'</tt> in your SQL, then we will parse out everything until the first blank for the column name: the column name would simply be “x”. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="sqlite3.connect"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">connect</tt><big>(</big>database[, timeout, detect_types, isolation_level, check_same_thread, factory, cached_statements]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Opens a connection to the SQLite database file database. You can use <tt class="docutils literal">":memory:"</tt> to open a database connection to a database that resides in RAM instead of on disk. When a database is accessed by multiple connections, and one of the processes modifies the database, the SQLite database is locked until that transaction is committed. The timeout parameter specifies how long the connection should wait for the lock to go away until raising an exception. The default for the timeout parameter is 5.0 (five seconds). For the isolation_level parameter, please see the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.isolation_level" title="sqlite3.Connection.isolation_level"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Connection.isolation_level</tt></a> property of <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> objects. SQLite natively supports only the types TEXT, INTEGER, FLOAT, BLOB and NULL. If you want to use other types you must add support for them yourself. The detect_types parameter and the using custom converters registered with the module-level <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.register_converter" title="sqlite3.register_converter"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">register_converter()</tt></a> function allow you to easily do that. detect_types defaults to 0 (i. e. off, no type detection), you can set it to any combination of <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES" title="sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PARSE_DECLTYPES</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES" title="sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PARSE_COLNAMES</tt></a> to turn type detection on. By default, the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module uses its <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> class for the connect call. You can, however, subclass the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> class and make <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="sqlite3.connect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> use your class instead by providing your class for the factory parameter. Consult the section <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3-types">SQLite and Python types</a> of this manual for details. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module internally uses a statement cache to avoid SQL parsing overhead. If you want to explicitly set the number of statements that are cached for the connection, you can set the cached_statements parameter. The currently implemented default is to cache 100 statements. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="sqlite3.register_converter"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">register_converter</tt><big>(</big>typename, callable<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.register_converter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Registers a callable to convert a bytestring from the database into a custom Python type. The callable will be invoked for all database values that are of the type typename. Confer the parameter detect_types of the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="sqlite3.connect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> function for how the type detection works. Note that the case of typename and the name of the type in your query must match! </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="sqlite3.register_adapter"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">register_adapter</tt><big>(</big>type, callable<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.register_adapter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Registers a callable to convert the custom Python type type into one of SQLite’s supported types. The callable callable accepts as single parameter the Python value, and must return a value of the following types: int, long, float, str (UTF-8 encoded), unicode or buffer. </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="sqlite3.complete_statement"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">complete_statement</tt><big>(</big>sql<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.complete_statement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Returns <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">True</tt></a> if the string sql contains one or more complete SQL statements terminated by semicolons. It does not verify that the SQL is syntactically correct, only that there are no unclosed string literals and the statement is terminated by a semicolon. This can be used to build a shell for SQLite, as in the following example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># A minimal SQLite shell for experiments import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.isolation_level = None cur = con.cursor() buffer = "" print "Enter your SQL commands to execute in sqlite3." print "Enter a blank line to exit." while True: line = raw_input() if line == "": break buffer += line if sqlite3.complete_statement(buffer): try: buffer = buffer.strip() cur.execute(buffer) if buffer.lstrip().upper().startswith("SELECT"): print cur.fetchall() except sqlite3.Error as e: print "An error occurred:", e.args[0] buffer = "" con.close() </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="sqlite3.enable_callback_tracebacks"> <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">enable_callback_tracebacks</tt><big>(</big>flag<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.enable_callback_tracebacks" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>By default you will not get any tracebacks in user-defined functions, aggregates, converters, authorizer callbacks etc. If you want to debug them, you can call this function with flag as True. Afterwards, you will get tracebacks from callbacks on <tt class="docutils literal">sys.stderr</tt>. Use <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">False</tt></a> to disable the feature again. </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="connection-objects"> <h2>11.13.2. Connection Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection"> class <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">Connection</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A SQLite database connection has the following attributes and methods: <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.isolation_level"> <tt class="descname">isolation_level</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.isolation_level" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Get or set the current isolation level. <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a> for autocommit mode or one of “DEFERRED”, “IMMEDIATE” or “EXCLUSIVE”. See section <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3-controlling-transactions">Controlling Transactions</a> for a more detailed explanation. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.cursor"> <tt class="descname">cursor</tt><big>(</big>[cursorClass]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.cursor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The cursor method accepts a single optional parameter cursorClass. If supplied, this must be a custom cursor class that extends <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">sqlite3.Cursor</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.commit"> <tt class="descname">commit</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.commit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This method commits the current transaction. If you don’t call this method, anything you did since the last call to <tt class="docutils literal">commit()</tt> is not visible from other database connections. If you wonder why you don’t see the data you’ve written to the database, please check you didn’t forget to call this method. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.rollback"> <tt class="descname">rollback</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.rollback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This method rolls back any changes to the database since the last call to <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.commit" title="sqlite3.Connection.commit"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">commit()</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.close"> <tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This closes the database connection. Note that this does not automatically call <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.commit" title="sqlite3.Connection.commit"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">commit()</tt></a>. If you just close your database connection without calling <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.commit" title="sqlite3.Connection.commit"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">commit()</tt></a> first, your changes will be lost! </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.execute"> <tt class="descname">execute</tt><big>(</big>sql[, parameters]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.execute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor’s <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute</tt></a> method with the parameters given. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.executemany"> <tt class="descname">executemany</tt><big>(</big>sql[, parameters]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.executemany" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor’s <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executemany" title="sqlite3.Cursor.executemany"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executemany</tt></a> method with the parameters given. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.executescript"> <tt class="descname">executescript</tt><big>(</big>sql_script<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.executescript" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is a nonstandard shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor’s <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executescript" title="sqlite3.Cursor.executescript"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executescript</tt></a> method with the parameters given. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.create_function"> <tt class="descname">create_function</tt><big>(</big>name, num_params, func<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.create_function" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Creates a user-defined function that you can later use from within SQL statements under the function name name. num_params is the number of parameters the function accepts, and func is a Python callable that is called as the SQL function. The function can return any of the types supported by SQLite: unicode, str, int, long, float, buffer and None. Example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 import md5 def md5sum(t): return md5.md5(t).hexdigest() con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.create_function("md5", 1, md5sum) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("select md5(?)", ("foo",)) print cur.fetchone()[0] </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.create_aggregate"> <tt class="descname">create_aggregate</tt><big>(</big>name, num_params, aggregate_class<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.create_aggregate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Creates a user-defined aggregate function. The aggregate class must implement a <tt class="docutils literal">step</tt> method, which accepts the number of parameters num_params, and a <tt class="docutils literal">finalize</tt> method which will return the final result of the aggregate. The <tt class="docutils literal">finalize</tt> method can return any of the types supported by SQLite: unicode, str, int, long, float, buffer and None. Example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 class MySum: def __init__(self): self.count = 0 def step(self, value): self.count += value def finalize(self): return self.count con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.create_aggregate("mysum", 1, MySum) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table test(i)") cur.execute("insert into test(i) values (1)") cur.execute("insert into test(i) values (2)") cur.execute("select mysum(i) from test") print cur.fetchone()[0] </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.create_collation"> <tt class="descname">create_collation</tt><big>(</big>name, callable<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.create_collation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Creates a collation with the specified name and callable. The callable will be passed two string arguments. It should return -1 if the first is ordered lower than the second, 0 if they are ordered equal and 1 if the first is ordered higher than the second. Note that this controls sorting (ORDER BY in SQL) so your comparisons don’t affect other SQL operations. Note that the callable will get its parameters as Python bytestrings, which will normally be encoded in UTF-8. The following example shows a custom collation that sorts “the wrong way”: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 def collate_reverse(string1, string2): return -cmp(string1, string2) con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.create_collation("reverse", collate_reverse) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table test(x)") cur.executemany("insert into test(x) values (?)", [("a",), ("b",)]) cur.execute("select x from test order by x collate reverse") for row in cur: print row con.close() </pre></div> </div> To remove a collation, call <tt class="docutils literal">create_collation</tt> with None as callable: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>con.create_collation("reverse", None) </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.interrupt"> <tt class="descname">interrupt</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.interrupt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>You can call this method from a different thread to abort any queries that might be executing on the connection. The query will then abort and the caller will get an exception. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.set_authorizer"> <tt class="descname">set_authorizer</tt><big>(</big>authorizer_callback<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.set_authorizer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This routine registers a callback. The callback is invoked for each attempt to access a column of a table in the database. The callback should return <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SQLITE_OK</tt> if access is allowed, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SQLITE_DENY</tt> if the entire SQL statement should be aborted with an error and <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">SQLITE_IGNORE</tt> if the column should be treated as a NULL value. These constants are available in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module. The first argument to the callback signifies what kind of operation is to be authorized. The second and third argument will be arguments or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a> depending on the first argument. The 4th argument is the name of the database (“main”, “temp”, etc.) if applicable. The 5th argument is the name of the inner-most trigger or view that is responsible for the access attempt or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a> if this access attempt is directly from input SQL code. Please consult the SQLite documentation about the possible values for the first argument and the meaning of the second and third argument depending on the first one. All necessary constants are available in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.set_progress_handler"> <tt class="descname">set_progress_handler</tt><big>(</big>handler, n<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.set_progress_handler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This routine registers a callback. The callback is invoked for every n instructions of the SQLite virtual machine. This is useful if you want to get called from SQLite during long-running operations, for example to update a GUI. If you want to clear any previously installed progress handler, call the method with <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a> for handler. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.enable_load_extension"> <tt class="descname">enable_load_extension</tt><big>(</big>enabled<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.enable_load_extension" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This routine allows/disallows the SQLite engine to load SQLite extensions from shared libraries. SQLite extensions can define new functions, aggregates or whole new virtual table implementations. One well-known extension is the fulltext-search extension distributed with SQLite. Loadable extensions are disabled by default. See <a class="footnote-reference" href="#f1" id="id1">[1]</a>. New in version 2.7. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") # enable extension loading con.enable_load_extension(True) # Load the fulltext search extension con.execute("select load_extension('./fts3.so')") # alternatively you can load the extension using an API call: # con.load_extension("./fts3.so") # disable extension laoding again con.enable_load_extension(False) # example from SQLite wiki con.execute("create virtual table recipe using fts3(name, ingredients)") con.executescript(""" insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('broccoli stew', 'broccoli peppers cheese tomatoes'); insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('pumpkin stew', 'pumpkin onions garlic celery'); insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('broccoli pie', 'broccoli cheese onions flour'); insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('pumpkin pie', 'pumpkin sugar flour butter'); """) for row in con.execute("select rowid, name, ingredients from recipe where name match 'pie'"): print row </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.load_extension"> <tt class="descname">load_extension</tt><big>(</big>path<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.load_extension" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This routine loads a SQLite extension from a shared library. You have to enable extension loading with <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.enable_load_extension" title="sqlite3.Connection.enable_load_extension"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">enable_load_extension()</tt></a> before you can use this routine. Loadable extensions are disabled by default. See <a class="footnote-reference" href="#f1" id="id2">[1]</a>. New in version 2.7. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.row_factory"> <tt class="descname">row_factory</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.row_factory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>You can change this attribute to a callable that accepts the cursor and the original row as a tuple and will return the real result row. This way, you can implement more advanced ways of returning results, such as returning an object that can also access columns by name. Example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 def dict_factory(cursor, row): d = {} for idx, col in enumerate(cursor.description): d[col[0]] = row[idx] return d con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.row_factory = dict_factory cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("select 1 as a") print cur.fetchone()["a"] </pre></div> </div> If returning a tuple doesn’t suffice and you want name-based access to columns, you should consider setting <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.row_factory" title="sqlite3.Connection.row_factory"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">row_factory</tt></a> to the highly-optimized <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">sqlite3.Row</tt></a> type. <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Row</tt></a> provides both index-based and case-insensitive name-based access to columns with almost no memory overhead. It will probably be better than your own custom dictionary-based approach or even a db_row based solution. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.text_factory"> <tt class="descname">text_factory</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.text_factory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Using this attribute you can control what objects are returned for the <tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt> data type. By default, this attribute is set to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">unicode</tt></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module will return Unicode objects for <tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt>. If you want to return bytestrings instead, you can set it to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">str</tt></a>. For efficiency reasons, there’s also a way to return Unicode objects only for non-ASCII data, and bytestrings otherwise. To activate it, set this attribute to <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode</tt>. You can also set it to any other callable that accepts a single bytestring parameter and returns the resulting object. See the following example code for illustration: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() AUSTRIA = u"\xd6sterreich" # by default, rows are returned as Unicode cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,)) row = cur.fetchone() assert row[0] == AUSTRIA # but we can make sqlite3 always return bytestrings ... con.text_factory = str cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,)) row = cur.fetchone() assert type(row[0]) is str # the bytestrings will be encoded in UTF-8, unless you stored garbage in the # database ... assert row[0] == AUSTRIA.encode("utf-8") # we can also implement a custom text_factory ... # here we implement one that will ignore Unicode characters that cannot be # decoded from UTF-8 con.text_factory = lambda x: unicode(x, "utf-8", "ignore") cur.execute("select ?", ("this is latin1 and would normally create errors" + u"\xe4\xf6\xfc".encode("latin1"),)) row = cur.fetchone() assert type(row[0]) is unicode # sqlite3 offers a built-in optimized text_factory that will return bytestring # objects, if the data is in ASCII only, and otherwise return unicode objects con.text_factory = sqlite3.OptimizedUnicode cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,)) row = cur.fetchone() assert type(row[0]) is unicode cur.execute("select ?", ("Germany",)) row = cur.fetchone() assert type(row[0]) is str </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.total_changes"> <tt class="descname">total_changes</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.total_changes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Returns the total number of database rows that have been modified, inserted, or deleted since the database connection was opened. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Connection.iterdump"> <tt class="descname">iterdump</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Connection.iterdump" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Returns an iterator to dump the database in an SQL text format. Useful when saving an in-memory database for later restoration. This function provides the same capabilities as the <tt class="kbd docutils literal">.dump</tt> command in the sqlite3 shell. New in version 2.6. Example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Convert file existing_db.db to SQL dump file dump.sql import sqlite3, os con = sqlite3.connect('existing_db.db') with open('dump.sql', 'w') as f: for line in con.iterdump(): f.write('%s\n' % line) </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="cursor-objects"> <h2>11.13.3. Cursor Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#cursor-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor"> class <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">Cursor</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Cursor</tt></a> instance has the following attributes and methods. <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"> <tt class="descname">execute</tt><big>(</big>sql[, parameters]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Executes an SQL statement. The SQL statement may be parameterized (i. e. placeholders instead of SQL literals). The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module supports two kinds of placeholders: question marks (qmark style) and named placeholders (named style). Here’s an example of both styles: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table people (name_last, age)") who = "Yeltsin" age = 72 # This is the qmark style: cur.execute("insert into people values (?, ?)", (who, age)) # And this is the named style: cur.execute("select * from people where name_last=:who and age=:age", {"who": who, "age": age}) print cur.fetchone() </pre></div> </div> <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute()</tt></a> will only execute a single SQL statement. If you try to execute more than one statement with it, it will raise a Warning. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executescript" title="sqlite3.Cursor.executescript"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executescript()</tt></a> if you want to execute multiple SQL statements with one call. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.executemany"> <tt class="descname">executemany</tt><big>(</big>sql, seq_of_parameters<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executemany" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence sql. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module also allows using an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a> yielding parameters instead of a sequence. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 class IterChars: def __init__(self): self.count = ord('a') def __iter__(self): return self def next(self): if self.count > ord('z'): raise StopIteration self.count += 1 return (chr(self.count - 1),) # this is a 1-tuple con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table characters(c)") theIter = IterChars() cur.executemany("insert into characters(c) values (?)", theIter) cur.execute("select c from characters") print cur.fetchall() </pre></div> </div> Here’s a shorter example using a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a>: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 import string def char_generator(): for c in string.lowercase: yield (c,) con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table characters(c)") cur.executemany("insert into characters(c) values (?)", char_generator()) cur.execute("select c from characters") print cur.fetchall() </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.executescript"> <tt class="descname">executescript</tt><big>(</big>sql_script<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executescript" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This is a nonstandard convenience method for executing multiple SQL statements at once. It issues a <tt class="docutils literal">COMMIT</tt> statement first, then executes the SQL script it gets as a parameter. sql_script can be a bytestring or a Unicode string. Example: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() cur.executescript(""" create table person( firstname, lastname, age ); create table book( title, author, published ); insert into book(title, author, published) values ( 'Dirk Gently''s Holistic Detective Agency', 'Douglas Adams', 1987 ); """) </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchone"> <tt class="descname">fetchone</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence, or <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a> when no more data is available. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchmany"> <tt class="descname">fetchmany</tt><big>(</big>[size=cursor.arraysize]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchmany" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list. An empty list is returned when no more rows are available. The number of rows to fetch per call is specified by the size parameter. If it is not given, the cursor’s arraysize determines the number of rows to be fetched. The method should try to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter. If this is not possible due to the specified number of rows not being available, fewer rows may be returned. Note there are performance considerations involved with the size parameter. For optimal performance, it is usually best to use the arraysize attribute. If the size parameter is used, then it is best for it to retain the same value from one <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchmany" title="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchmany"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">fetchmany()</tt></a> call to the next. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.fetchall"> <tt class="descname">fetchall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.fetchall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list. Note that the cursor’s arraysize attribute can affect the performance of this operation. An empty list is returned when no rows are available. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount"> <tt class="descname">rowcount</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Although the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Cursor</tt></a> class of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module implements this attribute, the database engine’s own support for the determination of “rows affected”/”rows selected” is quirky. For <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executemany" title="sqlite3.Cursor.executemany"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executemany()</tt></a> statements, the number of modifications are summed up into <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount" title="sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">rowcount</tt></a>. As required by the Python DB API Spec, the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount" title="sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">rowcount</tt></a> attribute “is -1 in case no <tt class="docutils literal">executeXX()</tt> has been performed on the cursor or the rowcount of the last operation is not determinable by the interface”. This includes <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> statements because we cannot determine the number of rows a query produced until all rows were fetched. With SQLite versions before 3.6.5, <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount" title="sqlite3.Cursor.rowcount"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">rowcount</tt></a> is set to 0 if you make a <tt class="docutils literal">DELETE FROM table</tt> without any condition. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid"> <tt class="descname">lastrowid</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This read-only attribute provides the rowid of the last modified row. It is only set if you issued a <tt class="docutils literal">INSERT</tt> statement using the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.execute" title="sqlite3.Cursor.execute"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute()</tt></a> method. For operations other than <tt class="docutils literal">INSERT</tt> or when <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.executemany" title="sqlite3.Cursor.executemany"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executemany()</tt></a> is called, <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid" title="sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">lastrowid</tt></a> is set to <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a>. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="sqlite3.Cursor.description"> <tt class="descname">description</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.description" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This read-only attribute provides the column names of the last query. To remain compatible with the Python DB API, it returns a 7-tuple for each column where the last six items of each tuple are <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a>. It is set for <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> statements without any matching rows as well. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="row-objects"> <h2>11.13.4. Row Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#row-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="sqlite3.Row"> class <tt class="descclassname">sqlite3.</tt><tt class="descname">Row</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Row</tt></a> instance serves as a highly optimized <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.row_factory" title="sqlite3.Connection.row_factory"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">row_factory</tt></a> for <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> objects. It tries to mimic a tuple in most of its features. It supports mapping access by column name and index, iteration, representation, equality testing and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#len" title="len"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">len()</tt></a>. If two <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Row</tt></a> objects have exactly the same columns and their members are equal, they compare equal. Changed in version 2.6: Added iteration and equality (hashability). <dl class="method"> <dt id="sqlite3.Row.keys"> <tt class="descname">keys</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3.Row.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>This method returns a tuple of column names. Immediately after a query, it is the first member of each tuple in <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor.description" title="sqlite3.Cursor.description"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">Cursor.description</tt></a>. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> Let’s assume we initialize a table as in the example given above: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") c = conn.cursor() c.execute('''create table stocks (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)''') c.execute("""insert into stocks values ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)""") conn.commit() c.close() </pre></div> </div> Now we plug <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Row</tt></a> in: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row >>> c = conn.cursor() >>> c.execute('select * from stocks') <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x7f4e7dd8fa80> >>> r = c.fetchone() >>> type(r) <type 'sqlite3.Row'> >>> r (u'2006-01-05', u'BUY', u'RHAT', 100.0, 35.14) >>> len(r) 5 >>> r[2] u'RHAT' >>> r.keys() ['date', 'trans', 'symbol', 'qty', 'price'] >>> r['qty'] 100.0 >>> for member in r: ... print member ... 2006-01-05 BUY RHAT 100.0 35.14 </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="sqlite-and-python-types"> <h2>11.13.5. SQLite and Python types<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite-and-python-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="introduction"> <h3>11.13.5.1. Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> SQLite natively supports the following types: <tt class="docutils literal">NULL</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">INTEGER</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">REAL</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">BLOB</tt>. The following Python types can thus be sent to SQLite without any problem: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="69%" /> <col width="31%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Python type</th> <th class="head">SQLite type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">NULL</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">int</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">INTEGER</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#long" title="long"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">long</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">INTEGER</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">float</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">REAL</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">str</tt></a> (UTF8-encoded)</td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">unicode</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#buffer" title="buffer"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">buffer</tt></a></td> <td><tt class="docutils literal">BLOB</tt></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> This is how SQLite types are converted to Python types by default: <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="22%" /> <col width="78%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">SQLite type</th> <th class="head">Python type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">NULL</tt></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">None</tt></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">INTEGER</tt></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">int</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#long" title="long"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">long</tt></a>, depending on size</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">REAL</tt></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float" title="float"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">float</tt></a></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal">TEXT</tt></td> <td>depends on <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.text_factory" title="sqlite3.Connection.text_factory"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">text_factory</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">unicode</tt></a> by default</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal">BLOB</tt></td> <td><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#buffer" title="buffer"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">buffer</tt></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The type system of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module is extensible in two ways: you can store additional Python types in a SQLite database via object adaptation, and you can let the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module convert SQLite types to different Python types via converters. </div> <div class="section" id="using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases"> <h3>11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases<a class="headerlink" href="#using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> As described before, SQLite supports only a limited set of types natively. To use other Python types with SQLite, you must adapt them to one of the sqlite3 module’s supported types for SQLite: one of NoneType, int, long, float, str, unicode, buffer. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module uses Python object adaptation, as described in <a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0246">PEP 246</a> for this. The protocol to use is <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">PrepareProtocol</tt>. There are two ways to enable the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module to adapt a custom Python type to one of the supported ones. <div class="section" id="letting-your-object-adapt-itself"> <h4>11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself<a class="headerlink" href="#letting-your-object-adapt-itself" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> This is a good approach if you write the class yourself. Let’s suppose you have a class like this: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>class Point(object): def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y </pre></div> </div> Now you want to store the point in a single SQLite column. First you’ll have to choose one of the supported types first to be used for representing the point. Let’s just use str and separate the coordinates using a semicolon. Then you need to give your class a method <tt class="docutils literal">__conform__(self, protocol)</tt> which must return the converted value. The parameter protocol will be <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">PrepareProtocol</tt>. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 class Point(object): def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y def __conform__(self, protocol): if protocol is sqlite3.PrepareProtocol: return "%f;%f" % (self.x, self.y) con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() p = Point(4.0, -3.2) cur.execute("select ?", (p,)) print cur.fetchone()[0] </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="registering-an-adapter-callable"> <h4>11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable<a class="headerlink" href="#registering-an-adapter-callable" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> The other possibility is to create a function that converts the type to the string representation and register the function with <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.register_adapter" title="sqlite3.register_adapter"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">register_adapter()</tt></a>. <div class="admonition note"> Note The type/class to adapt must be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-new-style-class">new-style class</a>, i. e. it must have <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#object" title="object"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">object</tt></a> as one of its bases. </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 class Point(object): def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y def adapt_point(point): return "%f;%f" % (point.x, point.y) sqlite3.register_adapter(Point, adapt_point) con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() p = Point(4.0, -3.2) cur.execute("select ?", (p,)) print cur.fetchone()[0] </pre></div> </div> The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module has two default adapters for Python’s built-in <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.date" title="datetime.date"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">datetime.date</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">datetime.datetime</tt></a> types. Now let’s suppose we want to store <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">datetime.datetime</tt></a> objects not in ISO representation, but as a Unix timestamp. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 import datetime, time def adapt_datetime(ts): return time.mktime(ts.timetuple()) sqlite3.register_adapter(datetime.datetime, adapt_datetime) con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") cur = con.cursor() now = datetime.datetime.now() cur.execute("select ?", (now,)) print cur.fetchone()[0] </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types"> <h3>11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types<a class="headerlink" href="#converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Writing an adapter lets you send custom Python types to SQLite. But to make it really useful we need to make the Python to SQLite to Python roundtrip work. Enter converters. Let’s go back to the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Point</tt> class. We stored the x and y coordinates separated via semicolons as strings in SQLite. First, we’ll define a converter function that accepts the string as a parameter and constructs a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Point</tt> object from it. <div class="admonition note"> Note Converter functions always get called with a string, no matter under which data type you sent the value to SQLite. </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>def convert_point(s): x, y = map(float, s.split(";")) return Point(x, y) </pre></div> </div> Now you need to make the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module know that what you select from the database is actually a point. There are two ways of doing this: <ul class="simple"> <li>Implicitly via the declared type</li> <li>Explicitly via the column name</li> </ul> Both ways are described in section <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3-module-contents">Module functions and constants</a>, in the entries for the constants <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES" title="sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PARSE_DECLTYPES</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES" title="sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">PARSE_COLNAMES</tt></a>. The following example illustrates both approaches. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 class Point(object): def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y def __repr__(self): return "(%f;%f)" % (self.x, self.y) def adapt_point(point): return "%f;%f" % (point.x, point.y) def convert_point(s): x, y = map(float, s.split(";")) return Point(x, y) # Register the adapter sqlite3.register_adapter(Point, adapt_point) # Register the converter sqlite3.register_converter("point", convert_point) p = Point(4.0, -3.2) ######################### # 1) Using declared types con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table test(p point)") cur.execute("insert into test(p) values (?)", (p,)) cur.execute("select p from test") print "with declared types:", cur.fetchone()[0] cur.close() con.close() ####################### # 1) Using column names con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table test(p)") cur.execute("insert into test(p) values (?)", (p,)) cur.execute('select p as "p [point]" from test') print "with column names:", cur.fetchone()[0] cur.close() con.close() </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="default-adapters-and-converters"> <h3>11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters<a class="headerlink" href="#default-adapters-and-converters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> There are default adapters for the date and datetime types in the datetime module. They will be sent as ISO dates/ISO timestamps to SQLite. The default converters are registered under the name “date” for <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.date" title="datetime.date"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">datetime.date</tt></a> and under the name “timestamp” for <a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">datetime.datetime</tt></a>. This way, you can use date/timestamps from Python without any additional fiddling in most cases. The format of the adapters is also compatible with the experimental SQLite date/time functions. The following example demonstrates this. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 import datetime con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES) cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("create table test(d date, ts timestamp)") today = datetime.date.today() now = datetime.datetime.now() cur.execute("insert into test(d, ts) values (?, ?)", (today, now)) cur.execute("select d, ts from test") row = cur.fetchone() print today, "=>", row[0], type(row[0]) print now, "=>", row[1], type(row[1]) cur.execute('select current_date as "d [date]", current_timestamp as "ts [timestamp]"') row = cur.fetchone() print "current_date", row[0], type(row[0]) print "current_timestamp", row[1], type(row[1]) </pre></div> </div> If a timestamp stored in SQLite has a fractional part longer than 6 numbers, its value will be truncated to microsecond precision by the timestamp converter. </div> </div> <div class="section" id="controlling-transactions"> <h2>11.13.6. Controlling Transactions<a class="headerlink" href="#controlling-transactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> By default, the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module opens transactions implicitly before a Data Modification Language (DML) statement (i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">INSERT</tt>/<tt class="docutils literal">UPDATE</tt>/<tt class="docutils literal">DELETE</tt>/<tt class="docutils literal">REPLACE</tt>), and commits transactions implicitly before a non-DML, non-query statement (i. e. anything other than <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> or the aforementioned). So if you are within a transaction and issue a command like <tt class="docutils literal">CREATE TABLE ...</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">VACUUM</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">PRAGMA</tt>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module will commit implicitly before executing that command. There are two reasons for doing that. The first is that some of these commands don’t work within transactions. The other reason is that sqlite3 needs to keep track of the transaction state (if a transaction is active or not). You can control which kind of <tt class="docutils literal">BEGIN</tt> statements sqlite3 implicitly executes (or none at all) via the isolation_level parameter to the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.connect" title="sqlite3.connect"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">connect()</tt></a> call, or via the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">isolation_level</tt> property of connections. If you want autocommit mode, then set <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">isolation_level</tt> to None. Otherwise leave it at its default, which will result in a plain “BEGIN” statement, or set it to one of SQLite’s supported isolation levels: “DEFERRED”, “IMMEDIATE” or “EXCLUSIVE”. </div> <div class="section" id="using-sqlite3-efficiently"> <h2>11.13.7. Using <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> efficiently<a class="headerlink" href="#using-sqlite3-efficiently" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="using-shortcut-methods"> <h3>11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods<a class="headerlink" href="#using-shortcut-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Using the nonstandard <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">execute()</tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executemany()</tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">executescript()</tt> methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> object, your code can be written more concisely because you don’t have to create the (often superfluous) <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Cursor</tt></a> objects explicitly. Instead, the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Cursor" title="sqlite3.Cursor"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Cursor</tt></a> objects are created implicitly and these shortcut methods return the cursor objects. This way, you can execute a <tt class="docutils literal">SELECT</tt> statement and iterate over it directly using only a single call on the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection" title="sqlite3.Connection"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Connection</tt></a> object. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 persons = [ ("Hugo", "Boss"), ("Calvin", "Klein") ] con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") # Create the table con.execute("create table person(firstname, lastname)") # Fill the table con.executemany("insert into person(firstname, lastname) values (?, ?)", persons) # Print the table contents for row in con.execute("select firstname, lastname from person"): print row print "I just deleted", con.execute("delete from person").rowcount, "rows" </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index"> <h3>11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> One useful feature of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sqlite3" title="sqlite3: A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">sqlite3</tt></a> module is the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">sqlite3.Row</tt></a> class designed to be used as a row factory. Rows wrapped with this class can be accessed both by index (like tuples) and case-insensitively by name: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.row_factory = sqlite3.Row cur = con.cursor() cur.execute("select 'John' as name, 42 as age") for row in cur: assert row[0] == row["name"] assert row["name"] == row["nAmE"] assert row[1] == row["age"] assert row[1] == row["AgE"] </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager"> <h3>11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> New in version 2.6. Connection objects can be used as context managers that automatically commit or rollback transactions. In the event of an exception, the transaction is rolled back; otherwise, the transaction is committed: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:") con.execute("create table person (id integer primary key, firstname varchar unique)") # Successful, con.commit() is called automatically afterwards with con: con.execute("insert into person(firstname) values (?)", ("Joe",)) # con.rollback() is called after the with block finishes with an exception, the # exception is still raised and must be caught try: with con: con.execute("insert into person(firstname) values (?)", ("Joe",)) except sqlite3.IntegrityError: print "couldn't add Joe twice" </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="common-issues"> <h2>11.13.8. Common issues<a class="headerlink" href="#common-issues" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="multithreading"> <h3>11.13.8.1. Multithreading<a class="headerlink" href="#multithreading" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Older SQLite versions had issues with sharing connections between threads. That’s why the Python module disallows sharing connections and cursors between threads. If you still try to do so, you will get an exception at runtime. The only exception is calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3.Connection.interrupt" title="sqlite3.Connection.interrupt"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">interrupt()</tt></a> method, which only makes sense to call from a different thread. Footnotes <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="f1" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label">[1]</td><td>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">2</a>) The sqlite3 module is not built with loadable extension support by default, because some platforms (notably Mac OS X) have SQLite libraries which are compiled without this feature. To get loadable extension support, you must modify setup.py and remove the line that sets SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">11.13. <tt class="docutils literal">sqlite3</tt> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-functions-and-constants">11.13.1. Module functions and constants</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#connection-objects">11.13.2. Connection Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#cursor-objects">11.13.3. Cursor Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#row-objects">11.13.4. Row Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite-and-python-types">11.13.5. SQLite and Python types</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">11.13.5.1. Introduction</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases">11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#letting-your-object-adapt-itself">11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#registering-an-adapter-callable">11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-adapters-and-converters">11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#controlling-transactions">11.13.6. Controlling Transactions</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-sqlite3-efficiently">11.13.7. Using <tt class="docutils literal">sqlite3</tt> efficiently</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-shortcut-methods">11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index">11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager">11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#common-issues">11.13.8. Common issues</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#multithreading">11.13.8.1. Multithreading</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <a href="dumbdbm.html" title="previous chapter">11.12. <tt class="docutils literal">dumbdbm</tt> — Portable DBM implementation</a> <h4>Next topic</h4> <a href="archiving.html" title="next chapter">12. Data Compression and Archiving</a> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/sqlite3.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="archiving.html" title="12. Data Compression and Archiving" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dumbdbm.html" title="11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="persistence.html" >11. Data Persistence</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>

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