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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="17. 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Interprocess Communication and Networking" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="ipc.html" accesskey="U">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-subprocess"> <h1>17.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> — Subprocess management<a class="headerlink" href="#module-subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> New in version 2.4. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several other, older modules and functions, such as: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>os.system os.spawn* os.popen* popen2.* commands.*</pre> </div> Information about how the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> module can be used to replace these modules and functions can be found in the following sections. <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> See also <a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0324">PEP 324</a> – PEP proposing the subprocess module </div> <div class="section" id="using-the-subprocess-module"> <h2>17.1.1. Using the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> Module<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-subprocess-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the following convenience functions for all use cases they can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> interface can be used directly. <dl class="function"> <dt id="subprocess.call"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">call</tt><big>(</big>args, *, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Run the command described by args. Wait for command to complete, then return the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">returncode</tt> attribute. The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> (hence the slightly odd notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is the same as that of the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor - this functions passes all supplied arguments directly through to that interface. Examples: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"]) 0 >>> subprocess.call("exit 1", shell=True) 1 </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Invoking the system shell with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> can be a security hazard if combined with untrusted input. See the warning under <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> for details. </div> <div class="admonition note"> Note Do not use <tt class="docutils literal">stdout=PIPE</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=PIPE</tt> with this function. As the pipes are not being read in the current process, the child process may block if it generates enough output to a pipe to fill up the OS pipe buffer. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="subprocess.check_call"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">check_call</tt><big>(</big>args, *, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.check_call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the return code was zero then return, otherwise raise <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a> object will have the return code in the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">returncode</tt> attribute. The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> (hence the slightly odd notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is the same as that of the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor - this functions passes all supplied arguments directly through to that interface. Examples: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) 0 >>> subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True) Traceback (most recent call last): ... subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1 </pre></div> </div> New in version 2.5. <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Invoking the system shell with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> can be a security hazard if combined with untrusted input. See the warning under <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> for details. </div> <div class="admonition note"> Note Do not use <tt class="docutils literal">stdout=PIPE</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=PIPE</tt> with this function. As the pipes are not being read in the current process, the child process may block if it generates enough output to a pipe to fill up the OS pipe buffer. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="subprocess.check_output"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">check_output</tt><big>(</big>args, *, stdin=None, stderr=None, shell=False, universal_newlines=False<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.check_output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string. If the return code was non-zero it raises a <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a> object will have the return code in the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">returncode</tt> attribute and any output in the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">output</tt> attribute. The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> (hence the slightly odd notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is largely the same as that of the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor, except that stdout is not permitted as it is used internally. All other supplied arguments are passed directly through to the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor. Examples: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"]) 'Hello World!\n' >>> subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True) Traceback (most recent call last): ... subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1 </pre></div> </div> To also capture standard error in the result, use <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=subprocess.STDOUT</tt>: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> subprocess.check_output( ... "ls non_existent_file; exit 0", ... stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, ... shell=True) 'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n' </pre></div> </div> New in version 2.7. <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Invoking the system shell with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> can be a security hazard if combined with untrusted input. See the warning under <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> for details. </div> <div class="admonition note"> Note Do not use <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=PIPE</tt> with this function. As the pipe is not being read in the current process, the child process may block if it generates enough output to the pipe to fill up the OS pipe buffer. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.PIPE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">PIPE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Special value that can be used as the stdin, stdout or stderr argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> and indicates that a pipe to the standard stream should be opened. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STDOUT"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STDOUT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STDOUT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Special value that can be used as the stderr argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> and indicates that standard error should go into the same handle as standard output. </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="subprocess.CalledProcessError"> exception <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">CalledProcessError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Exception raised when a process run by <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_call" title="subprocess.check_call"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_call()</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_output" title="subprocess.check_output"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_output()</tt></a> returns a non-zero exit status. <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.CalledProcessError.returncode"> <tt class="descname">returncode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError.returncode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Exit status of the child process. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.CalledProcessError.cmd"> <tt class="descname">cmd</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError.cmd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Command that was used to spawn the child process. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.CalledProcessError.output"> <tt class="descname">output</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError.output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Output of the child process if this exception is raised by <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_output" title="subprocess.check_output"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_output()</tt></a>. Otherwise, <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="frequently-used-arguments"> <h3>17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#frequently-used-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> To support a wide variety of use cases, the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor (and the convenience functions) accept a large number of optional arguments. For most typical use cases, many of these arguments can be safely left at their default values. The arguments that are most commonly needed are: <blockquote> <div>args is required for all calls and should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. Providing a sequence of arguments is generally preferred, as it allows the module to take care of any required escaping and quoting of arguments (e.g. to permit spaces in file names). If passing a single string, either shell must be <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">True</tt></a> (see below) or else the string must simply name the program to be executed without specifying any arguments. stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed program’s standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a>, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a> indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With the default settings of <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, no redirection will occur; the child’s file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STDOUT" title="subprocess.STDOUT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STDOUT</tt></a>, which indicates that the stderr data from the child process should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout. When stdout or stderr are pipes and universal_newlines is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> then all line endings will be converted to <tt class="docutils literal">'\n'</tt> as described for the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-universal-newlines">universal newlines</a> <tt class="docutils literal">'U'</tt> mode argument to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">open()</tt></a>. If shell is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the specified command will be executed through the shell. This can be useful if you are using Python primarily for the enhanced control flow it offers over most system shells and still want convenient access to other shell features such as shell pipes, filename wildcards, environment variable expansion, and expansion of <tt class="docutils literal">~</tt> to a user’s home directory. However, note that Python itself offers implementations of many shell-like features (in particular, <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">glob</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">fnmatch</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.walk" title="os.walk"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.walk()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.path.expandvars()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.path.expanduser()</tt></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">shutil</tt></a>). <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Executing shell commands that incorporate unsanitized input from an untrusted source makes a program vulnerable to <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_injection#Shell_injection">shell injection</a>, a serious security flaw which can result in arbitrary command execution. For this reason, the use of <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> is strongly discouraged in cases where the command string is constructed from external input: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> from subprocess import call >>> filename = input("What file would you like to display?\n") What file would you like to display? non_existent; rm -rf / # >>> call("cat " + filename, shell=True) # Uh-oh. This will end badly... </pre></div> </div> <tt class="docutils literal">shell=False</tt> disables all shell based features, but does not suffer from this vulnerability; see the Note in the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor documentation for helpful hints in getting <tt class="docutils literal">shell=False</tt> to work. When using <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="pipes.html#pipes.quote" title="pipes.quote"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">pipes.quote()</tt></a> can be used to properly escape whitespace and shell metacharacters in strings that are going to be used to construct shell commands. </div> </div></blockquote> These options, along with all of the other options, are described in more detail in the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> constructor documentation. </div> <div class="section" id="popen-constructor"> <h3>17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor<a class="headerlink" href="#popen-constructor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> The underlying process creation and management in this module is handled by the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> class. It offers a lot of flexibility so that developers are able to handle the less common cases not covered by the convenience functions. <dl class="class"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen"> class <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">Popen</tt><big>(</big>args, bufsize=0, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=False, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Execute a child program in a new process. On Unix, the class uses <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.execvp" title="os.execvp"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">os.execvp()</tt></a>-like behavior to execute the child program. On Windows, the class uses the Windows <tt class="docutils literal">CreateProcess()</tt> function. The arguments to <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> are as follows. args should be a sequence of program arguments or else a single string. By default, the program to execute is the first item in args if args is a sequence. If args is a string, the interpretation is platform-dependent and described below. See the shell and executable arguments for additional differences from the default behavior. Unless otherwise stated, it is recommended to pass args as a sequence. On Unix, if args is a string, the string is interpreted as the name or path of the program to execute. However, this can only be done if not passing arguments to the program. <div class="admonition note"> Note <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#shlex.split" title="shlex.split"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">shlex.split()</tt></a> can be useful when determining the correct tokenization for args, especially in complex cases: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>>>> import shlex, subprocess >>> command_line = raw_input() /bin/vikings -input eggs.txt -output "spam spam.txt" -cmd "echo '$MONEY'" >>> args = shlex.split(command_line) >>> print args ['/bin/vikings', '-input', 'eggs.txt', '-output', 'spam spam.txt', '-cmd', "echo '$MONEY'"] >>> p = subprocess.Popen(args) # Success! </pre></div> </div> Note in particular that options (such as -input) and arguments (such as eggs.txt) that are separated by whitespace in the shell go in separate list elements, while arguments that need quoting or backslash escaping when used in the shell (such as filenames containing spaces or the echo command shown above) are single list elements. </div> On Windows, if args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string in a manner described in <a class="reference internal" href="#converting-argument-sequence">Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a>. This is because the underlying <tt class="docutils literal">CreateProcess()</tt> operates on strings. The shell argument (which defaults to False) specifies whether to use the shell as the program to execute. If shell is True, it is recommended to pass args as a string rather than as a sequence. On Unix with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>, the shell defaults to <tt class="file docutils literal">/bin/sh</tt>. If args is a string, the string specifies the command to execute through the shell. This means that the string must be formatted exactly as it would be when typed at the shell prompt. This includes, for example, quoting or backslash escaping filenames with spaces in them. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional arguments to the shell itself. That is to say, <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> does the equivalent of: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Popen(['/bin/sh', '-c', args[0], args[1], ...]) </pre></div> </div> On Windows with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>, the <tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal">COMSPEC</tt> environment variable specifies the default shell. The only time you need to specify <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> on Windows is when the command you wish to execute is built into the shell (e.g. dir or copy). You do not need <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> to run a batch file or console-based executable. <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Passing <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt> can be a security hazard if combined with untrusted input. See the warning under <a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a> for details. </div> bufsize, if given, has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to the built-in open() function: <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">0</tt> means unbuffered, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">1</tt> means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size. A negative bufsize means to use the system default, which usually means fully buffered. The default value for bufsize is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">0</tt> (unbuffered). <div class="admonition note"> Note If you experience performance issues, it is recommended that you try to enable buffering by setting bufsize to either -1 or a large enough positive value (such as 4096). </div> The executable argument specifies a replacement program to execute. It is very seldom needed. When <tt class="docutils literal">shell=False</tt>, executable replaces the program to execute specified by args. However, the original args is still passed to the program. Most programs treat the program specified by args as the command name, which can then be different from the program actually executed. On Unix, the args name becomes the display name for the executable in utilities such as ps. If <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>, on Unix the executable argument specifies a replacement shell for the default <tt class="file docutils literal">/bin/sh</tt>. stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed program’s standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a>, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a> indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With the default settings of <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, no redirection will occur; the child’s file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STDOUT" title="subprocess.STDOUT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STDOUT</tt></a>, which indicates that the stderr data from the child process should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout. If preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the child process just before the child is executed. (Unix only) If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">0</tt>, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">1</tt> and <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal">2</tt> will be closed before the child process is executed. (Unix only). Or, on Windows, if close_fds is true then no handles will be inherited by the child process. Note that on Windows, you cannot set close_fds to true and also redirect the standard handles by setting stdin, stdout or stderr. If cwd is not <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, the child’s current directory will be changed to cwd before it is executed. Note that this directory is not considered when searching the executable, so you can’t specify the program’s path relative to cwd. If env is not <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, it must be a mapping that defines the environment variables for the new process; these are used instead of inheriting the current process’ environment, which is the default behavior. <div class="admonition note"> Note If specified, env must provide any variables required for the program to execute. On Windows, in order to run a <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-Side_Assembly">side-by-side assembly</a> the specified env must include a valid <tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal">SystemRoot</tt>. </div> If universal_newlines is <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, the file objects stdout and stderr are opened as text files in <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-universal-newlines">universal newlines</a> mode. Lines may be terminated by any of <tt class="docutils literal">'\n'</tt>, the Unix end-of-line convention, <tt class="docutils literal">'\r'</tt>, the old Macintosh convention or <tt class="docutils literal">'\r\n'</tt>, the Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as <tt class="docutils literal">'\n'</tt> by the Python program. <div class="admonition note"> Note This feature is only available if Python is built with universal newline support (the default). Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdout" title="subprocess.Popen.stdout"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">stdout</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdin" title="subprocess.Popen.stdin"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">stdin</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stderr" title="subprocess.Popen.stderr"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">stderr</tt></a> are not updated by the communicate() method. </div> If given, startupinfo will be a <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">STARTUPINFO</tt></a> object, which is passed to the underlying <tt class="docutils literal">CreateProcess</tt> function. creationflags, if given, can be <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE" title="subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP" title="subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP</tt></a>. (Windows only) </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="exceptions"> <h3>17.1.1.3. Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute called <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">child_traceback</tt>, which is a string containing traceback information from the child’s point of view. The most common exception raised is <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OSError" title="exceptions.OSError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">OSError</tt></a>. This occurs, for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OSError" title="exceptions.OSError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">OSError</tt></a> exceptions. A <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">ValueError</tt></a> will be raised if <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> is called with invalid arguments. <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_call" title="subprocess.check_call"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_call()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_output" title="subprocess.check_output"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_output()</tt></a> will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a> if the called process returns a non-zero return code. </div> <div class="section" id="security"> <h3>17.1.1.4. Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call a system shell implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes. Obviously, if the shell is invoked explicitly, then it is the application’s responsibility to ensure that all whitespace and metacharacters are quoted appropriately. </div> </div> <div class="section" id="popen-objects"> <h2>17.1.2. Popen Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#popen-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> Instances of the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> class have the following methods: <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.poll"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">poll</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.poll" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Check if child process has terminated. Set and return <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.returncode" title="subprocess.Popen.returncode"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">returncode</tt></a> attribute. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.wait"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">wait</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.wait" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Wait for child process to terminate. Set and return <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.returncode" title="subprocess.Popen.returncode"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">returncode</tt></a> attribute. <div class="admonition warning"> Warning This will deadlock when using <tt class="docutils literal">stdout=PIPE</tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=PIPE</tt> and the child process generates enough output to a pipe such that it blocks waiting for the OS pipe buffer to accept more data. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.communicate" title="subprocess.Popen.communicate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">communicate()</tt></a> to avoid that. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.communicate"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">communicate</tt><big>(</big>input=None<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.communicate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be a string to be sent to the child process, or <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>, if no data should be sent to the child. <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.communicate" title="subprocess.Popen.communicate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">communicate()</tt></a> returns a tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(stdoutdata, stderrdata)</tt>. Note that if you want to send data to the process’s stdin, you need to create the Popen object with <tt class="docutils literal">stdin=PIPE</tt>. Similarly, to get anything other than <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> in the result tuple, you need to give <tt class="docutils literal">stdout=PIPE</tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal">stderr=PIPE</tt> too. <div class="admonition note"> Note The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited. </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.send_signal"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">send_signal</tt><big>(</big>signal<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.send_signal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Sends the signal signal to the child. <div class="admonition note"> Note On Windows, SIGTERM is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.terminate" title="subprocess.Popen.terminate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">terminate()</tt></a>. CTRL_C_EVENT and CTRL_BREAK_EVENT can be sent to processes started with a creationflags parameter which includes <cite>CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP</cite>. </div> New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.terminate"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">terminate</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.terminate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Stop the child. On Posix OSs the method sends SIGTERM to the child. On Windows the Win32 API function <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal">TerminateProcess()</tt> is called to stop the child. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.kill"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">kill</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.kill" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Kills the child. On Posix OSs the function sends SIGKILL to the child. On Windows <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.kill" title="subprocess.Popen.kill"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">kill()</tt></a> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.terminate" title="subprocess.Popen.terminate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">terminate()</tt></a>. New in version 2.6. </dd></dl> The following attributes are also available: <div class="admonition warning"> Warning Use <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.communicate" title="subprocess.Popen.communicate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">communicate()</tt></a> rather than <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdin" title="subprocess.Popen.stdin"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">.stdin.write</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdout" title="subprocess.Popen.stdout"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">.stdout.read</tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.stderr" title="subprocess.Popen.stderr"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">.stderr.read</tt></a> to avoid deadlocks due to any of the other OS pipe buffers filling up and blocking the child process. </div> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.stdin"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">stdin</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If the stdin argument was <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a>, this attribute is a file object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.stdout"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">stdout</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.stdout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If the stdout argument was <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a>, this attribute is a file object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.stderr"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">stderr</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.stderr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If the stderr argument was <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.PIPE" title="subprocess.PIPE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">PIPE</tt></a>, this attribute is a file object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.pid"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">pid</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.pid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The process ID of the child process. Note that if you set the shell argument to <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>, this is the process ID of the spawned shell. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.Popen.returncode"> <tt class="descclassname">Popen.</tt><tt class="descname">returncode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.Popen.returncode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The child return code, set by <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.poll" title="subprocess.Popen.poll"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">poll()</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.wait" title="subprocess.Popen.wait"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">wait()</tt></a> (and indirectly by <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen.communicate" title="subprocess.Popen.communicate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal">communicate()</tt></a>). A <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> value indicates that the process hasn’t terminated yet. A negative value <tt class="docutils literal">-N</tt> indicates that the child was terminated by signal <tt class="docutils literal">N</tt> (Unix only). </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="windows-popen-helpers"> <h2>17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers<a class="headerlink" href="#windows-popen-helpers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> The <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">STARTUPINFO</tt></a> class and following constants are only available on Windows. <dl class="class"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO"> class <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STARTUPINFO</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Partial support of the Windows <a class="reference external" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686331(v=vs.85).aspx">STARTUPINFO</a> structure is used for <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> creation. <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags"> <tt class="descname">dwFlags</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A bit field that determines whether certain <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">STARTUPINFO</tt></a> attributes are used when the process creates a window. <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>si = subprocess.STARTUPINFO() si.dwFlags = subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES | subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdInput"> <tt class="descname">hStdInput</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdInput" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">dwFlags</tt></a> specifies <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES" title="subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STARTF_USESTDHANDLES</tt></a>, this attribute is the standard input handle for the process. If <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES" title="subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STARTF_USESTDHANDLES</tt></a> is not specified, the default for standard input is the keyboard buffer. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput"> <tt class="descname">hStdOutput</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">dwFlags</tt></a> specifies <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES" title="subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STARTF_USESTDHANDLES</tt></a>, this attribute is the standard output handle for the process. Otherwise, this attribute is ignored and the default for standard output is the console window’s buffer. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdError"> <tt class="descname">hStdError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">dwFlags</tt></a> specifies <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES" title="subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STARTF_USESTDHANDLES</tt></a>, this attribute is the standard error handle for the process. Otherwise, this attribute is ignored and the default for standard error is the console window’s buffer. </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow"> <tt class="descname">wShowWindow</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>If <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.dwFlags"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">dwFlags</tt></a> specifies <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW" title="subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW</tt></a>, this attribute can be any of the values that can be specified in the <tt class="docutils literal">nCmdShow</tt> parameter for the <a class="reference external" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms633548(v=vs.85).aspx">ShowWindow</a> function, except for <tt class="docutils literal">SW_SHOWDEFAULT</tt>. Otherwise, this attribute is ignored. <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.SW_HIDE" title="subprocess.SW_HIDE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">SW_HIDE</tt></a> is provided for this attribute. It is used when <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> is called with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>. </dd></dl> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="constants"> <h3>17.1.3.1. Constants<a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> module exposes the following constants. <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STD_INPUT_HANDLE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STD_INPUT_HANDLE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STD_INPUT_HANDLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The standard input device. Initially, this is the console input buffer, <tt class="docutils literal">CONIN$</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The standard output device. Initially, this is the active console screen buffer, <tt class="docutils literal">CONOUT$</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STD_ERROR_HANDLE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STD_ERROR_HANDLE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STD_ERROR_HANDLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The standard error device. Initially, this is the active console screen buffer, <tt class="docutils literal">CONOUT$</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.SW_HIDE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">SW_HIDE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.SW_HIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Hides the window. Another window will be activated. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STARTF_USESTDHANDLES</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Specifies that the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdInput" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdInput"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">STARTUPINFO.hStdInput</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">STARTUPINFO.hStdOutput</tt></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdError" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.hStdError"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">STARTUPINFO.hStdError</tt></a> attributes contain additional information. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>Specifies that the <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow" title="subprocess.STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal">STARTUPINFO.wShowWindow</tt></a> attribute contains additional information. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>The new process has a new console, instead of inheriting its parent’s console (the default). This flag is always set when <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> is created with <tt class="docutils literal">shell=True</tt>. </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP"> <tt class="descclassname">subprocess.</tt><tt class="descname">CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd>A <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> <tt class="docutils literal">creationflags</tt> parameter to specify that a new process group will be created. This flag is necessary for using <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.kill" title="os.kill"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.kill()</tt></a> on the subprocess. This flag is ignored if <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE" title="subprocess.CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal">CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE</tt></a> is specified. </dd></dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module"> <h2>17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> Module<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> In this section, “a becomes b” means that b can be used as a replacement for a. <div class="admonition note"> Note All “a” functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed program cannot be found; the “b” replacements raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.OSError" title="exceptions.OSError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">OSError</tt></a> instead. In addition, the replacements using <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.check_output" title="subprocess.check_output"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">check_output()</tt></a> will fail with a <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.CalledProcessError" title="subprocess.CalledProcessError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal">CalledProcessError</tt></a> if the requested operation produces a non-zero return code. The output is still available as the <tt class="docutils literal">output</tt> attribute of the raised exception. </div> In the following examples, we assume that the relevant functions have already been imported from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">subprocess</tt></a> module. <div class="section" id="replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote"> <h3>17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>output=`mycmd myarg` # becomes output = check_output(["mycmd", "myarg"])</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-shell-pipeline"> <h3>17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-shell-pipeline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>output=`dmesg | grep hda` # becomes p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) p1.stdout.close() # Allow p1 to receive a SIGPIPE if p2 exits. output = p2.communicate()[0]</pre> </div> The p1.stdout.close() call after starting the p2 is important in order for p1 to receive a SIGPIPE if p2 exits before p1. Alternatively, for trusted input, the shell’s own pipeline support may still be used directly: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>output=`dmesg | grep hda` # becomes output=check_output("dmesg | grep hda", shell=True)</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-os-system"> <h3>17.1.4.3. Replacing <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.system" title="os.system"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.system()</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-os-system" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg") # becomes sts = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) </pre></div> </div> Notes: <ul class="simple"> <li>Calling the program through the shell is usually not required.</li> </ul> A more realistic example would look like this: <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>try: retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) if retcode < 0: print >>sys.stderr, "Child was terminated by signal", -retcode else: print >>sys.stderr, "Child returned", retcode except OSError as e: print >>sys.stderr, "Execution failed:", e </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-the-os-spawn-family"> <h3>17.1.4.4. Replacing the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.spawnl" title="os.spawnl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.spawn</tt></a> family<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-the-os-spawn-family" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> P_NOWAIT example: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid</pre> </div> P_WAIT example: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"])</pre> </div> Vector example: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args) ==> Popen([path] + args[1:])</pre> </div> Environment example: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env) ==> Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"})</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3"> <h3>17.1.4.5. Replacing <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen" title="os.popen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.popen()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen2" title="os.popen2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.popen2()</tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.popen3" title="os.popen3"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">os.popen3()</tt></a><a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'r', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdout=PIPE).stdout</pre> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w', bufsize) ==> pipe = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE).stdin</pre> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)</pre> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = os.popen3("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr)</pre> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = os.popen4("cmd", mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen("cmd", shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, close_fds=True) (child_stdin, child_stdout_and_stderr) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)</pre> </div> On Unix, os.popen2, os.popen3 and os.popen4 also accept a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdin, child_stdout) = os.popen2(["/bin/ls", "-l"], mode, bufsize) ==> p = Popen(["/bin/ls", "-l"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE) (child_stdin, child_stdout) = (p.stdin, p.stdout)</pre> </div> Return code handling translates as follows: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>pipe = os.popen("cmd", 'w') ... rc = pipe.close() if rc is not None and rc >> 8: print "There were some errors" ==> process = Popen("cmd", 'w', shell=True, stdin=PIPE) ... process.stdin.close() if process.wait() != 0: print "There were some errors"</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module"> <h3>17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the <a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html#module-popen2" title="popen2: Subprocesses with accessible standard I/O streams. (deprecated)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal">popen2</tt></a> module<a class="headerlink" href="#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2("somestring", bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["somestring"], shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)</pre> </div> On Unix, popen2 also accepts a sequence as the command to execute, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention. This usage can be replaced as follows: <div class="highlight-python"><pre>(child_stdout, child_stdin) = popen2.popen2(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize, mode) ==> p = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], bufsize=bufsize, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, close_fds=True) (child_stdout, child_stdin) = (p.stdout, p.stdin)</pre> </div> <a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html#popen2.Popen3" title="popen2.Popen3"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">popen2.Popen3</tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html#popen2.Popen4" title="popen2.Popen4"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">popen2.Popen4</tt></a> basically work as <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">subprocess.Popen</tt></a>, except that: <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a> raises an exception if the execution fails.</li> <li>the capturestderr argument is replaced with the stderr argument.</li> <li><tt class="docutils literal">stdin=PIPE</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">stdout=PIPE</tt> must be specified.</li> <li>popen2 closes all file descriptors by default, but you have to specify <tt class="docutils literal">close_fds=True</tt> with <a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal">Popen</tt></a>.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="notes"> <h2>17.1.5. Notes<a class="headerlink" href="#notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows"> <h3>17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows<a class="headerlink" href="#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> On Windows, an args sequence is converted to a string that can be parsed using the following rules (which correspond to the rules used by the MS C runtime): <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab.</li> <li>A string surrounded by double quotation marks is interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A quoted string can be embedded in an argument.</li> <li>A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is interpreted as a literal double quotation mark.</li> <li>Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede a double quotation mark.</li> <li>If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark, every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal backslash. If the number of backslashes is odd, the last backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as described in rule 3.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">17.1. <tt class="docutils literal">subprocess</tt> — Subprocess management</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-subprocess-module">17.1.1. Using the <tt class="docutils literal">subprocess</tt> Module</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-used-arguments">17.1.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#popen-constructor">17.1.1.2. Popen Constructor</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#exceptions">17.1.1.3. Exceptions</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#security">17.1.1.4. Security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#popen-objects">17.1.2. Popen Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#windows-popen-helpers">17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants">17.1.3.1. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the <tt class="docutils literal">subprocess</tt> Module</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-shell-pipeline">17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-os-system">17.1.4.3. Replacing <tt class="docutils literal">os.system()</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">17.1.4.4. Replacing the <tt class="docutils literal">os.spawn</tt> family</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">17.1.4.5. Replacing <tt class="docutils literal">os.popen()</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">os.popen2()</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">os.popen3()</tt></a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the <tt class="docutils literal">popen2</tt> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes">17.1.5. Notes</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <a href="ipc.html" title="previous chapter">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> <h4>Next topic</h4> <a href="socket.html" title="next chapter">17.2. <tt class="docutils literal">socket</tt> — Low-level networking interface</a> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/subprocess.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="socket.html" title="17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ipc.html" title="17. Interprocess Communication and Networking" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="ipc.html" >17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>

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gdbm.html	15.965 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gensuitemodule.html	11.513 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getopt.html	23.662 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
getpass.html	10.652 KB	July 03 2019 16:47:59	root / root	0644
gettext.html	78.757 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
gl.html	22.094 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
glob.html	13.26 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
grp.html	10.494 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
gzip.html	18.985 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hashlib.html	18.198 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
heapq.html	31.61 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hmac.html	10.464 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
hotshot.html	18.649 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
htmllib.html	25.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
htmlparser.html	39.114 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
httplib.html	62.95 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
i18n.html	9.523 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
ic.html	17.169 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
idle.html	20.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
imageop.html	14.765 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:00	root / root	0644
imaplib.html	51.986 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imgfile.html	11.712 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imghdr.html	11.297 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imp.html	34.344 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
importlib.html	8.258 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
imputil.html	31.808 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
index.html	72.778 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
inspect.html	50.705 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
internet.html	24.872 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
intro.html	8.935 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:01	root / root	0644
io.html	98.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
ipc.html	13.405 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
itertools.html	115.905 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
jpeg.html	12.743 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
json.html	67.037 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
keyword.html	7.677 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
language.html	11.027 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
linecache.html	10.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
locale.html	55.137 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:02	root / root	0644
logging.config.html	63.355 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.handlers.html	69.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
logging.html	95.645 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mac.html	21.787 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macos.html	14.758 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macosa.html	12.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macostools.html	15.516 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
macpath.html	7.764 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailbox.html	156.753 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
mailcap.html	13.215 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:03	root / root	0644
markup.html	18.772 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
marshal.html	17.977 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
math.html	39.242 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
md5.html	13.968 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mhlib.html	21.537 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetools.html	19.251 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimetypes.html	28.39 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimewriter.html	15.016 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mimify.html	13.361 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
miniaeframe.html	12.199 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
misc.html	6.868 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mm.html	9.032 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
mmap.html	28.364 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modulefinder.html	15.313 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
modules.html	8.456 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msilib.html	52.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
msvcrt.html	19.372 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multifile.html	24.297 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:04	root / root	0644
multiprocessing.html	365.706 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
mutex.html	11.231 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netdata.html	16.983 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
netrc.html	12.305 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
new.html	12.122 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nis.html	10.636 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
nntplib.html	41.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numbers.html	37.748 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
numeric.html	13.553 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:05	root / root	0644
operator.html	82 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
optparse.html	222.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:06	root / root	0644
os.html	214.245 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
os.path.html	38.341 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
ossaudiodev.html	41.503 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
othergui.html	9.084 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
parser.html	39.363 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pdb.html	33.961 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
persistence.html	14.865 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickle.html	102.271 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pickletools.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:07	root / root	0644
pipes.html	18.01 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pkgutil.html	25.107 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
platform.html	28.367 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
plistlib.html	17.028 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
popen2.html	25.431 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
poplib.html	22.321 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posix.html	14.413 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
posixfile.html	19.763 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pprint.html	29.922 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
profile.html	63.556 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pty.html	9.478 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pwd.html	11.428 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
py_compile.html	11.116 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyclbr.html	14.707 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pydoc.html	11.484 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
pyexpat.html	71.528 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:08	root / root	0644
python.html	12.274 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
queue.html	24.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
quopri.html	11.896 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
random.html	37.835 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
re.html	134.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
readline.html	28.24 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
repr.html	20.427 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
resource.html	26.483 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
restricted.html	11.647 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rexec.html	37.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rfc822.html	42.22 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
rlcompleter.html	13.506 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:09	root / root	0644
robotparser.html	12.268 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
runpy.html	19.339 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sched.html	18.543 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
scrolledtext.html	9.315 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
select.html	39.672 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sets.html	36.918 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgi.html	9.712 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sgmllib.html	30.771 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
sha.html	12.088 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shelve.html	27.021 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shlex.html	32.102 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
shutil.html	40.218 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
signal.html	31.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplehttpserver.html	18.41 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
simplexmlrpcserver.html	31.388 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
site.html	23.637 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
smtpd.html	12.465 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:10	root / root	0644
smtplib.html	42.127 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sndhdr.html	10.018 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socket.html	106.338 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
socketserver.html	59.829 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
someos.html	15.106 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
spwd.html	10.328 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
sqlite3.html	139.502 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
ssl.html	65.622 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:11	root / root	0644
stat.html	32.31 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
statvfs.html	10.604 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
stdtypes.html	260.401 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:12	root / root	0644
string.html	106.649 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringio.html	18.813 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
stringprep.html	16.13 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
strings.html	14.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
struct.html	40.878 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
subprocess.html	84.912 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sun.html	6.843 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunau.html	27.104 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sunaudio.html	17.795 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
symbol.html	7.66 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
symtable.html	22.937 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sys.html	98.698 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:13	root / root	0644
sysconfig.html	23.844 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
syslog.html	17.919 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tabnanny.html	10.631 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tarfile.html	78.683 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
telnetlib.html	25.479 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
tempfile.html	29.416 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
termios.html	16.011 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
test.html	52.621 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
textwrap.html	27.253 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
thread.html	20.468 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
threading.html	76.69 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:14	root / root	0644
time.html	56.927 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
timeit.html	36.267 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tix.html	46.959 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tk.html	23.644 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tkinter.html	67.666 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
token.html	19.617 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
tokenize.html	18.445 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
trace.html	25.535 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
traceback.html	33.438 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:15	root / root	0644
ttk.html	101.749 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
tty.html	9.058 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
turtle.html	211.742 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
types.html	27.591 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
undoc.html	23.156 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unicodedata.html	18.546 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:16	root / root	0644
unittest.html	202.848 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
unix.html	10.551 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib.html	58.682 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urllib2.html	100.578 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
urlparse.html	40.414 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
user.html	11.826 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
userdict.html	29.729 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
uu.html	11.026 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:17	root / root	0644
uuid.html	28.191 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
warnings.html	46.599 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
wave.html	22.216 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
weakref.html	36.521 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
webbrowser.html	23.065 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
whichdb.html	8.853 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
windows.html	9.335 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
winsound.html	18.747 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
wsgiref.html	81.043 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xdrlib.html	29.94 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xml.dom.html	89.044 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.dom.minidom.html	40.42 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.dom.pulldom.html	12.705 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.etree.elementtree.html	93.219 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.html	16.493 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:18	root / root	0644
xml.sax.handler.html	38.632 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.html	20.221 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.reader.html	39.086 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xml.sax.utils.html	14.257 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
xmlrpclib.html	60.79 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zipfile.html	53.136 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zipimport.html	20.425 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:19	root / root	0644
zlib.html	25.461 KB	July 03 2019 16:48:20	root / root	0644

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